F 

621 
.C55 
1912 


DODGE'S 
GEOGRAPHY 

OF 

IOWA 


CLIFFORD 


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DODGE'S 
GEOGRAPHY  OF  IOWA 

By 

W.    N.    CLIFFORD 

Superintendent  of  Sehools,   Couneil  Bluffs,  Iowa 
Part  1 

IOWA    AS    A    WHOLE 

Part  II 

THE    GROWTH    AND    DEVELOPMENT    OF    CITIES 

Part  III 

STATISTICS    AND    AIDS    TO    TEACHERS 


CHICAGO  NEW    YORK  LONDON 

RAND,    McNALLY  &  COMPANY 


Boligc'0  <groarap|}icaI  ^rrics 

By    RICHARD    ELWOOD    DODGE 
Professor  of  Geography^  Teachers  College^  Columbia  University^  Nevj   )  'ork  City 


Dodge's  Two-Book  Series  of  Geography 


DODGE'S  ELEMENTARY  GEOGRAPHY 


$  .6s 


Special  Method:    Causal  Relations  treated  by  induction.     Reasi 
ing  irom  consequences  to  ( 


PART  /—HOME  GEOGRAPHY 

Central  Thought:  The  relation  of  the  individual  pupil  to  all  parts 
of  his  country,  showing  the  interdependence  of  people  commercially 
and  industrially. 

PART  //—WORLD  RELATIONS  AND  THE 

CONTINENTS 
Central    Thought:     The  relations  nf    the  individual  pupil  to   the 
world   as  a  whole,  showing   the  interdependence  of   nations  com- 
mercially  and  industrially,   and   placing  special   emphasis  on  the 

lives  and  occupations  of  the   people. 

DODGERS  ADVANCED  GEOGRAPHY $1.20 

Special  Method:  Causal  Relations  treated  by  deduction.  Reason- 
ing from  causes  to  consequences. 

PART  /—THE  PRINCIPLES  OF  GEOGRAPHY 

The  dependence  of  life  and  industry  on  physi- 

PART  //—COMPARATIVE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  THE 
CONTINENTS 
Central   Thought:     Commerct 
divisions  the  outgrowth  of  ph 
for,   and    comparisons  of    thest 
countries. 


and  industry  as  well  as  pohtical 
;ical  conditions,  the  reasons  there- 
and    other   points    in    the   various 


Dodge's  Geography  by  Grades 

Book     One.      HOME     GEOGRAPHY     AND     WORLD 
RELATIONS $  .35 

PART  /—HOME  GEOGRAPHY 
Central  Thottght:     The    relation    of    the    individual    pupil    to   all 
parts  of  his  country,  showing  the  interdependence  of  people  com- 
mercially and  industrially. 

PART  //—WORLD  RELATIONS 
Central  Thought:     The   relation   of    the  individual  pupil   to   the 
world  as  a  whole,  showing  the  interdependence  of  nations  commer- 
cially and  industrially. 

Book  Two.     ELEMENTS   OF  CONTINENTAL  GEOG- 
RAPHY      $  .50 

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Special  Method  Books  One  and  Two:      Causal  Relations    treated 
by  induction.     Reasoning  from  consequences  to  causes. 

Book  Three.     PRINCIPLES    OF    GEOGRAPHY    AND 
NORTH  AMERICA $  .75 

Central  Thought:  The  dependence  of  life  and  industry  on  physi- 
cal environment. 

Book  Four.    COMPARATIVE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  THE 
CONTINENTS $  .70 

Central  Thought:  Commerce  and  industry  as  well  as  political 
divisions  the  outgrowth  of  physical  conditions,  the  reasons  therefor. 
and  comparisons  of  these  and  other  points  in  the  various  countries. 

Special  Method  Books  Three  and  Four:  Causal  Relations  treated 
by  deduction.      Reasoning  from  causes  to  consequences. 


GENERAL  CRITICS  FOR  BOTH  SERIES 


SPECIAL  CRITICS  FOR  THE  ELEMENTARY  GEOGRAPHY  AND  BOOKS  I.  AND  II.  BY  GRADES 

AMY  SCHrSSLER.   Print ii.al  of  Speyer  School.  Teachers  ColleRe.   New  York,  and 


.-1.Y.Y.4  F.  STOXE.  Principal  of  Gr, 


Binghamton,   N,   Y. 


SPECIAL  CRITICS  FOR  THE  ADVANCED  GEOGRAPHY  AND  BOOKS  III.  AND  IV.  BY  GRADES 

ELIZABETH  SMITH.   Department  of  Geography,  the  Chicago  Normal  School,  and 

CAROLIXE  II'.  HOTCHKISS.  Seventh  Grade.  Horace  Mann  School.  Teachers  College,   New  York. 

Copyright,  igoy 
By  Rand,  McNally  &  Co. 


Cliicago 


THE    INTRODUCTION 

HOME  Geography  is  usually  the  first  work  to  be  taken  up  in  any  study  of  geography 
because  beginning  students  need  to  know  first  the  geography  of  the  locality  in  which 
they  live,  in  which  they  are  most  interested,  and  with  which  they  are  most  familiar 
from  personal  experience.  The  resvilts  gained  from  a  study  of  the  region  they  can  see  gives 
them  the  ability  to  understand  remote  regions  that  can  only  be  pictured  or  described  to  them^ 
Because  our  own  home  locality  is  of  most  interest  to  us  is  also  a  reason  why  we  need  to  know 
it  better  than  we  need  to  know  any  other  region  of  the  world.  Hence  at  some  time  during 
the  school  course  it  is  most  valuable  to  make  a  careful  study  of  the  state  or  group  of  states  in 
which  we  live  that  we  may  have  a  better  understanding  of  the  geography  about  us  than  we 
can  get  from  the  necessarily  brief  accounts  given  in  a  text-book  of  geography. 

In  a  text-book  of  geography  we  study  the  relation  of  one  state  or  group  of  states  to  the 
whole  country  of  which  our  home  region  is  a  part,  and  our  commercial  relations  to  the  world 
as  a  whole.  It  follows  that  in  such  a  treatment  the  characteristics  that  distinguish  our  own 
home  regions  must  largely  be  lost  to  sight  in  the  consideration  of  the  great  features  that 
distinguish  the   country  as  a   whole 

In  a  special  text -book  devoted  to  one  state  or  group  of  states  we  can  learn  more  about 
our  own  region,  its  important  surface  features,  its  climate,  the  occupations  of  its  people,  its 
products,  its  local  commerce,  its  history,  its  chief  cities,  and  many  other  features  of  great 
interest  to  us.  Hence  we  need  to  make  a  special  study  of  our  home  locality  after  we  have 
studied  the  larger  region  of  which  it  is  an  important  part.  A  local  geography  is  not  only 
valuable  for  study  in  school  that  we  may  know  well  the  region  about  us,  but  it  is  valuable 
also  as  a  reference  volume  to  which  we  can  refer  for  facts  about  our  own  state  in  our  homes 
whenever  in  our  reading  or  conversation  some  question  arises  concerning  our  own  state  which 
needs  to  be  answered  at  once. 

In  this  text-book  the  surface  features,  the  climate,  the  soil  and  other  natural  resources 
which  determine  the  occupations  of  the  people  are  studied  first  because  they  are  the  large 
features  which  determine  the  distribution  and  success  of  industries.  One  of  the  great  lessons 
the  student  learns  in  geography  is  Man's  absolute  dependence  upon  Nature  for  his  existence. 
In  Iowa,  as  in  other  regions,  topography  and  climate  pointed  out  the  path  of  development 
that  communities  must  follow  in  order  to  make  sure  their  existence  within  its  borders.  In 
the  pages  that  follow,  the  student  finds  traced  the 'fundamental  conditions  that  have  moulded 
Iowa  life.  After  these  come  the  historical  events  that  are  landmarks  in  the  growth  of  the 
state,  and  then  the  study  of  the  industrial  and  commercial  features  is  taken  up.  To  these, 
which  explain  the  reasons  for  the  development  and  growth  of  the  larger  cities,  and  which  show 
us  why  our  own  region  is  important  to  the  country  as  a  whole,  careful  attention  has  been  given. 

Certain  facts  like  the  distribution  and  character  of  educational  institutions,  the  distribution 
of  congressional  districts,  and  the  form  of  government  in  the  region  are  included,  because  our 
knowledge  of  our  own  locality  would  be  incomplete  without  them.  These  fittingly  illustrate 
the  political  unity  that  binds  together  the  interests  of  all  the  individuals  who  form  the  body- 
politic  which  we  call  the  state. 

That  this  book  may  prove  especially  valuable  as  a  reference  work  which  may  properly 
be  made  a  part  of  the  family  library  for  constant  consultation  on  many  points,  carefully 
prepared   diagrams,  tables  of    statistics,  and   references  to   further  reading  have   been   included. 

RICHARD  ELWOOD  DODGE. 


THE    TABLE    OF    CONTENTS 


The  Introduction 


PAGE 

3 


PART  I.     IOWA  AS  A  WHOLE 


Position  and  Size i 

Surface  and  Drainage    .........  i 

Soil 6 

Climate 7 

Vegetation S 

Agriculture  and  Stock  Raising q 

Mineral  Resources 10 

Manufacturing 11 

Commerce 13 


PAGE 

History 13 

Sac  and  Fox  Indians 14 

Amana  Colony 14 

Education 15 

State  Institutions 16 

State  Charities 16 

Reformatory  and  Penal  Institutions 17 

Government 17 


PART  II.     THE  GROWTH  AXD  DEVELOPMENT  OF  CITIES 

PAGE        I  PAGE 

Gain  in  Population ^9     I     Principal  Cities  of  Iowa 19 


PART  III.     STATISTICS  AND  AIDS  TO  TEACHERS 


PAGE 

Statistics  of  the  State  of  Iowa  by  Counties,  Fed- 
eral Census  1900,  State  Census  1905  ....       vii 

State  or  Country  of  Birth  of  the  Population  of 
the  State  of  Iowa,  State  Census  1905       .      .      .      viii 

Population  of  Iowa  at  Each  Federal  Census    .      .      viii 

Population  of  Leading  Cities  and  Towns,  Federal 
Census  igoo.  State  Census  1905 viii 

Leading  Manufactures  of  the  State  of  Iowa,  State 
Census  1905 ix 

Principal  Manufacturing  Cities  of  Iowa  and  Facts 
about  their  Industrial  Plants,  Federal  Census 
1900,  State  Census  1905 ix. 

Value  of  Iowa  Mineral  Products,  1897  to  1904  ix 

Value  of  Live  Stock  Owned  in  Iowa,  Rank  of 
State,  and  Leading  County,  Federal  Census 
1900 X 


PAGE 

Annual  Coal  Production  of  Iowa,  by  Counties  (in 

Short  Tons),   1898-1904 x 

Counties  Shipping  More  than  1,000,000  Pounds 
(Net)  of  Bvitter  in  the  Years  Ending  Septem- 
ber 30,  1904  and  1905 X 

Value  of  Agricultural  Products  of  Iowa,  Relative 
Rank   of    State    in    Production,    and    Leading 

County,  Federal  Census  1900 x 

State   and   Territorial   Governors   of    Iowa   from 

1838  to  1906 xi 

Events  in  the  Early  Annals  of  Iowa     ....        xi 
Derivation  of  Some  Iowa  Geographical  Names     .       xii 
Suggestive  Questions   to  Accompany  the   Geog- 
raphy of  Iowa xiii 

Suggestions  for  Collateral  Reading xv 

The  Index xvi 


[iv] 


A    LIST    OP^   THE    MAPS    AND    DIAGRAMS 


A  Political  Map  of  Iowa 

A  Relief  Map  of  Iowa 

A  Physical  Map  of  Iowa 

A  Soil  Map  of  Iowa,   Showing  the  Glacial   Drift 

Deposited 

The  Mean  Annual  Rainfall  of  Iowa        .... 
The  Annual  Rainfall  at   Dubuque  from    1S90   to 

1904 

The  Annual  Rainfall  at  Sioux  City,  from  i8go  to 
i9°4 .... 

The  Value  of  Farm  Products  per  Square  Mile 

The  Production  of  Hay  and  Forage  per  Square 
Mile ... 

The  Yield  of  Com  per  Square  Mile 

The  Yield  of  Wheat  per  Square  Mile      .... 

The  Yield  of  Oats  per  Square  Mile 

The  Number  of  Hogs  per  Square  Mile    .... 

The  Xumber  of  Neat  Cattle  per  Square  Mile    . 

Value  of  Dairj- Products  by  Counties  in  1903 

The  Coal  Fields  of  Iowa  and  the  Production  of 
Coal  by  Counties 

The  Leading  Edticational  Institutions  of  Iowa  . 

The  Congressional  Districts  of  Iowa,  1904     . 


PAGE 

The    Density   of   Population   per   Square   Mile   in 

Iowa 19 

The  Density  of  Urban  Population  in  Iowa,  Census 

of  I  goo 19 

Proportion  of  Native   Born   Popvilation  in   Iowa, 

Census  of  1900 viii 

Proportion  of  Native  to  Foreign  Born  Population, 

State  of  Iowa,  Census  of  1905 viii 

Proportion  of  Foreign   Bom   Population  of   Each 

Leading  Nationality,  Census  of  1900  ....  viii 
Growth   of   Manufacturing   Industries,   as   Shown 

by  Value  of  Products,  in  Millions  of  Dollars  .  .  ix 
Proportion  of  Persons  Engaged  in  Each  Class  of 

Occupation,  Census  of  1900 ix 

Annual  Vakie  of  All  Mineral  Products   for  Eight 

Years,  1 897-1 904 x 

Growth  of  the  Coal  Industry  from  i860  to  1900, 

Shown  by  Production  in  Millions  of  Tons  Every 

Ten  Years     ...  x 

A    Map    Showing   the    Earliest    Explorations   and 

Settlements  in  Iowa xi 

A  Map  Showing  the  Accession  of  Territory  from 

Indians xi 


A    LIST    OP^   THE    ILLUSTRATIONS 


Scene  on  a  Stock  Farm  in  Story  County      ...  i 

An  Iowa  Cornfield  after  the  Cutting       ....  i 

The  Forest-clad  Palisades  of  Cedar  River    ...  4 

The  Iowa  River,  near  Iowa  City       .....  4 

Spirit  Lake,  the  Largest  Body  of  Water  in  Iowa  5 

Okoboji  Lake 5 

A  Tj^pical  Farm  Scene  in  Benton  County    ...  6 

Cutting  and  Hauling  Hay  near  Ottumwa    ...  8 

Cutting  Com  in  Linn  County 9 

Reaping  One  of  the  Great  Wheat  Fields  in  Lyon 

County     9 

A  Field  after  Reaping  and  Shocking  in  the  Great 

Oat  District  of  Benton  Coiinty 10 

Feeding  Time  on  a  Marshall  County  Fami    .      .       .11 

Oats  Stacked  Ready  for  Threshing 1 1 

An  Orchard  Scene  in  Southern  Iowa      ....11 

Sheep  Feeding  in  a  Farm  Yard  in  Wright  County    .  1 2 
Section    of    Upper    Coal    Measures,    Montgomery 

County 13 

Quarrj'ing  Stone  near  Stone  City  in  Jones  County    .  13 
Deposits  of  Shale  Clays  on  Gray  Creek  in  Monroe 

County 13 

Miners  Working  in  the  Interior  of  a  Mine,  Appa- 
noose Coimty      .      .             14 

A  Typical  Mining  Scene  near  Oskaloosa  .      .      .      .  14 

The  Great  Cereal  Mills  at  Cedar  Rapids  .      .      .       .  15 


A  Steamboat  on  the  Mississippi  River      .      .      .      .  15 

Scene  in  a  Pearl  Button  Factory  at  Muscatine    .      .  15 
Liberal  Arts  Building,  State  University  of  Iowa, 

Iowa  City ....  16 

Iowa  State  Normal  School,  Cedar  Falls   .      .      .      .  17 
Central    Building,    Iowa    State    College    of    Agri- 
culture and  Mechanic  Arts,  Ames        .      .      .      .  17 
State  Soldiers'  Home,  Marshalltown       .      .      .      .  17 

State  Capitol,  Des  Moines iS 

Campanile,  Agricultural  College,  Ames  .      .      .       .  18 

Bluffs  at  Dubuque 18 

The  Iowa  Soldiers' Orphans  Home  at  Davenport    .  20 

Council  Bluffs  on  the  Western  Border  of  Iowa    .       .  20 

A  Bird's-eye  View  of  the  City  of  Dubuque  .      .      .  21 
Monument  to  Julien  Dubuque,  at  the  City  which 

Bears  His  Name 21 

One   of   the    Important    Slaughtering   and    Meat- 
packing   Establishments    of    the    Middle   West, 

at  Sioux  City 22 

Okoboji   Monument,   Commemorating  the   Indian 

Uprising  of  1857 24 

Bridge  over  the  Mississippi  River  at  Davenport        .  24 

A  Typical  Scene  in  an  Iowa  Lumber  Yard     ...  24 

Black  Hawk,  a  Famous  Chief xii 

General  Zebulon  Montgomery  Pike xi: 

Jonathan  Carver xiii 


[v] 


A    VIEW  OF   THE  IOWA    RIVER.  NEAR   IOWA   CITY. 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  IOWA 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  IOWA 

By  W.  N.  Clifford,  Superintendent  of  Schools,  Council  Bluffs,  Iowa. 

CopjTirhl.  1905,  by  RaniJ.  llrNally  4  Co. 


/.     IOWA  AS  A  WHOLE 

Position.  Iowa  is  almost  equally  distant 
from  the  At- 
lantic and  the 
Pacific  oceans 
and  lies  about 
midway  be- 
tween the 
north  pole  and 
the  equator. 
East,  in  the 
same  latitude, 
are  Chicago, 
Milwaukee, 
Detroit,  Cleve- 
1  a  n  d,  X  e  w 
York,  Boston, 
Madrid,  and 
Constant  i- 
nople;  to  the 
west  are  Omaha,  Salt  Lake  City,  and  Vladi- 
vostock.     (Adv.  Geog.,  Figs.  i6i  and  192.) 

Size.  Iowa  is  rectangular  in  shape.  It  is 
about  300  miles  long  and  200  broad,  and  has 
an  area  of  56,147  square  miles,  of  which  561 
are  water.  Wisconsin,  with  56,066  square 
miles,  is  often  called  its  "twin  state."   (Fig.  3.) 

Surface  and  Drainage.  The  highest 
point  in  Iowa  is  Ocheydan  ^lound,  Osceola 
County,    1,651    feet    above    the    sea    level; 


Fig. 


Scene  on  a  stock  farm, 
cattle 


the  lowest  point,  about  450  feet  above  sea 
level,  is  at  the  mouth  of  the  Des  Moines 
River   in   the   southeastern   corner  of  Lee 

County.  The 
average  ele- 
vation of  the 
state  is  about 
1,100  feet. 
(Fig.  8.) 

Although 
Iowa  is  called 
a  prairie  state, 
her  prairies  are 
not  so  monot- 
onously level 
as  are  those 
of  the  states 
farther  east. 
Much  of  the 
northern  part 
is  gently  roll- 
ing (Adv.  Geog.,  Fig.  261),  while  in  the  south 
there  are  hills  and  valleys  with  large  tracts 
of  woodland.  Along  the  Mississippi  and 
Missouri  rivers  are  bluffs  from  200  to  300 
feet  in  height,  and  bordering  the  Cedar  are 
vertical  palisades  reaching  upward  nearly 
150  feet.  (Fig.  5.)  In  the  northeastern 
corner  of  the  state  along  the  Mississippi 
River  these  bluffs  are  rocky,  with  bold, 
irregular   outlines,   making   that   section   of 


in  Story  County,  where  high-grade 
are  bred. 


Fig.  2      .1)1  Iowa  cornjuid  ajter  the  cutting.     Here  the  stalks  have  been  formed  into  shocks  to  be  used  later  as  fodder. 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  IOWA 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  IOWA 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  IOWA 


considerable 
scenic  inter- 
est. (Fig.48.) 
The  eastern 
and  western 
boundaries 
of  Iowa  are 
formed  by 
rivei-s.  Into 
these  streams 
flow  all  the 
rivers  of  the 
state.  Paral- 
lel to  the  Mis- 
souri River, 
and  about 
sixty  miles 
east  of  it,  is 


Fig.  4.     A  relief 


a  divide  extending  from  Spirit  Lake  to  the 
southern  boundary  of  the  state.  (Fig.  8.) 
West  of  this  divide,  the  streams  flow  into 
the  Missouri ;  east  of  it,  into  the  Mississippi. 
The  eastern  drainage  basin  includes  more 
than  two-thirds  of  the  state.      (Fig.  4.) 

The  river  valleys  of  the  eastern  portion  of 
the  state  are  very  beautiful.  (Fig.  6.)  Their 
flood  plains  vary  from  one  to  ten  miles  in 
width  and  are  bordered  by  picturesque 
cliffs  and  bluffs.  The  beds  of  the  rivers 
are  of  solid  rock,  gravel,  or  sand.  Hence 
their  waters  are  clear.     Since  they  drain 


a     greater 

surface  than 

the  rivers  of 

the  Missouri 

slope,   they 

are   larger 

and    longer 

and     afford 

better  water 

power.     The 

Des    Moines 

River,     500 

miles   long, 

is  the  largest 

river  within 

the    state. 

Other  impor- 
map  of  Iowa. 

tant    rivers 

which  flow  into  the  Mississippi,  draining  the 

eastern  slope  of  Iowa,  are  the  Upper  Iowa, 

Turkey,    Maquoketa,    Wapsipinicon,    Cedar, 

Iowa,  and  Skunk. 

On  the  western  slope  the  soil  deposit  is 

very  deep  and  the  rock  surface  is  found  only 

at  a  depth  of  200  feet  or  more.     For  years 

tlie    rivers    which    flow    into    the    Alissouri 

have   been    cutting    channels    through    this 

porous    soil.      Their   banks,    therefore,    rise 

precipitously  from  the  water.     The  largest 

of  these  rivers   are   the   Big  Sioux,    Floyd, 

Little  Sioux,   Boyer,  and  the  Nishnabotna. 


bluffs  are  famous  for  ibeir  scenic  beauty. 


Fig.  6.     The  Iowa  River,  near  Iowa  City.     A  character- 
istic river  scene  in  eastern  Iowa. 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  IOWA 


Spirit  Lake,  the  largest  body  of  WTler  m  Iowa. 
It  is  a  well-known  summer  resort. 


In  the  early 
days  settle- 
ments were 
made  in  the 
river  valleys, 
for  here  the 
trees  grew. 
Many  of  these 
pioneer  set- 
tlements have 
grown  into 
thriving  cities 
and  towns, 
the  rivers  sup- 
plying  cit}' 
water,  power 
for     electric- 


t       1  ^00  to  1000  feet 


beautiful  and,  as  a  summer  resort,  the 
most  popular.  Okoboji  is  six  miles  long 
and  two  and  one-half  miles  wide.  The 
water  is  clear,  the  beach  sandy,  and  the 
fish  are  abundant.  Fine  hotels  and  cottages 
fringe  its  banks  and  to  these  come  every 
summer  hundreds  of  tourists  and  sportsmen. 
Bodies  of  water  such  as  are  found  in 
Sac,  Wright,  and  other  counties  called 
walled  lakes  are  so  named  because  of  the 
embankments  of  rocks  along  their  shores. 
These  walls  or  embankments  were  gradu- 
ally built  up  by  the  action  of  the  waves  dash- 
ing against 
the  shore, 
together  with 
the  expansive 
force  of  the 
ice.  They  are 
remarkable 
because  they 
look  like  walls 
built  by  man. 
In  some  places 
the  walls  are 
ten  feet  high 
and  many  feet 
across.  Near- 
ly all  of  the 
glacial  lakes 
are  inclosed  bv 


ESB'ooo  lo  iioo}ul 
A  physical  map  of  Iowa. 


light  plants  and  factories,  and  facilities  for 
shipping  lumber.  Among  these  early  settle- 
ments were  Dubuque,  Keokuk,  Fort  Madi- 
son, Burlington,  Council  Bluffs,  Des  Moines, 
and  Iowa  Cit}". 

There  is  no  large  body  of  water  in  Iowa,  but 
numerous  small  lakes  occur,  many  of  them 
notable  for  their  great  beauty.  In  northern 
Iowa,  belonging  to  the  ^linnesota  lake  system, 
are  Spirit  Lake,  Lake  Okoboji,  Silver  Lake, 
and  Swan  Lake.  (Figs.  7  and  9.)  These  are 
called  drift  lakes  because  they  were  formed 
during  the  glacial  epoch.  Of  these  Spirit 
Lake  is  the  largest  and  Okoboji  is  the  most 


Fig.  9.     Okoboji  Lake.    Notice  the  line  of  boulders  whti-h 
has  been  pushed  ashore  by  the  ice. 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  IOWA 


such  embankments.  With  the  exception  of 
the  alluvial  or  oxbow  lakes  (Adv.  Geog.,  Fig. 
49)  scattered  throughout  the  flood  plains  of 
the  state,  which  are  really  only  large  ponds 
left  when  the  rivers  changed  their  courses, 
all  the  lakes  of  Iowa  are  of  glacial  origin. 

Soil.  There  is  a 
greater  acreage  of  till- 
able soil  in  Iowa  than 
in  any  other  state  in 
the  Union ;  95  per  cent 
of  all  the  land  in  the 
state  is  capable  of 
cultivation,  with  the 
result  that  the  total 
value  of  the  soil  is  as 
great  as  that  of  all  the 
gold  and  silver  mines 
in  the  world.  Much  of 
this  soil  was  brought  by  glaciers  from  the 
far  north,  and  as  it  was  mingled  with  the 
limestones  and  shales  of  British  America  it 
became  a  kind  of  rock  flour.  (Adv.  Geog., 
Fig.  180.)  This  was  deposited  over  a  large 
part  of  Iowa,  and  is  called  drift.  (Fig.  11.) 
For  centuries  decayed  vegetable  matter  was 
mixed  with  the  drift,  darkening  its  color. 
In  many  places  this  soil  is  hundreds  of 
feet  deep,  but 
that  which  is 
brought  up  in 
digging  wells 
is  as  rich  as 
that  found  on 
the  surface. 
As  the  soil  is 
porous,  water 
seeps  through 
it  readily.  It 
is  almost  free 
from  gravel 
and  rocks, 
consequently 
the  most  im- 
proved    farm 


Fig.  10.     A  typical  farm  scene  in  Benton  County. 
This  lies  in  the  loess  region. 


F"^  iut-ss  I        ^  Temporary  course  of  the  Mississippi  River 

during  the  Ittinoian  Invasion 

Fig.  II.     A  soil  map  of  Iowa,  showing  the  glacial  drift  deposited. 


machinery    can    be    used    to    the    greatest 
advantage. 

Ages  ago  winds  blowing  over  the  dry 
plains  of  the  Dakotas  and  of  Nebraska 
carried  quantities  of  fine  dust,  which  was 
deposited  along  the  margins  of  the  drift 
areas  in  the  western 
and  southern  parts  of 
Iowa.  Slowly  but 
surely,  soil  of  from  100 
to  200  feet  in  depth 
was  formed.  This 
soil,  called  loess,  is  of 
wonderful  fertility 
and  is  much  like  the 
soil  along  the  banks 
of  the  Rhine.  (Fig. 
II.)  It  is  free  from 
gravel  and  the  plow 
cuts  it  like  cheese,  yet  it  resists  weathering, 
and  the  vertical  faces  left  by  railroad  or 
other  excavations  will  stand  for  years  with- 
out washing.  It  absorbs  water  like  a  sponge 
and  holds  it  during  a  season  of  drought. 
Wherever  loess  is  found  in  Iowa,  fine 
orchards  and  vineyards  abound.  (Fig.  10.) 
The  soil  of  the  valleys  and  flood  plains 
of  the  rivers  consists  of  waste  carried  down 

by  the  rivers 
from  the  higher 
levels.  This 
soil,  known  as 
all nvi mil,  is 
formed  of 
coarser  mate- 
rials than  drift 
or  loess  and  is 
the  richest  in 
the  state.  The 
Missouri  low- 
lands of  the 
western  slope 
constitute  the 
most  impor- 
tant tract. 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  IOWA 


J  Liss  than  JJ  inches       I        \Frcm  3S  to  JO  inches 

Fig.  12.     T'lc  ncan  annual  rainfall  of  Iowa. 


Climate. 

Situated  too 
far  inland  to 
be  influenced 
by  -winds  di- 
rectly from 
the  ocean, 
Iowa  has  a 
strictly  conti- 
nental climate 
(seeAdv.Geog. 
p.  50) ;  but  it 
is  one  of  the 
best  watered 
and  most  pro- 
ductive conti- 
nental regions 
in  the  world.  Since  the  time  of  settlement 
there  has  not  been  a  total  failure  of  crops. 
There  have  been  some  poor  seasons,  but  the 
poorest  would  seem  abundance  in  a  less 
favored  section.  The  most  severe  drought 
in  the  past  fifty  years  occurred  in  1894; 
yet  in  that  year  Iowa  produced  256,000,000 
bushels  of  cereals.     (Figs.  13  and  14.) 

The  most  important  feature  of  the  climate 
of  Iowa,  from  an  agricultural  standpoint, 
is  that  the  time  of  the  greatest  rainfall  is 
in  the  growing  season,  or  from  April  to 
September,  inclusive.  The  winters  are  com- 
paratively dr>%  having,  only  10  per  cent 
of  the  yearly  rainfall.  The  annual  rain- 
fall is  about  thirty -five  inches;  in  regions 
where  there  is  less  than  twenty  inches  irri- 
gation is  necessar^^  (Fig.  12.)  In  climatic 
position  Iowa  is  most  fortunate;  while  situ- 


' 

J 

' 

.-IZ' 

?J!f£-££_ 

j/.j~  Inches 

\ 

1         3 

L 

" 

- 

^ 

s:    ^ 


Fig. 


The  annual  rainfall  at  Dubuque 
from  i8go  to  IQ04. 


ated  north  of 
the  excessive 
rainfall  of  the 
Gulf  States 
where  the  soil 
is  washed  and 
leached  so 
much  that 
fertilization  is 
necessary, 
it  is  yet  with- 
in a  region 
that  has  suffi- 
cient mois- 
ture to  enable 
it  to  be  one  of 
the  greatest 
cereal-producing  regions  of  the  world. 

In  Iowa  the  winds  from  the  west  and 
northwest  are  cool  and  dry,  while  those 
from  the  east  and  south  are  warm  and 
bring  rain.  There  is  a  wide  range  of  tem- 
perature between  summer  and  winter. 
One  hundred  degrees  is  quite  common  in 
summer  and  40  degrees  below  zero  often 
is  recorded  in  the  northern  part  of  the  state 
in  winter;  yet  these  temperatures  are  well 
suited  to  the  crops.  Com  requires  from 
90  to  130  days  to  mature.  As  it  is  usually 
planted  in  ilay,  hot  days  in  July  and  August 
are  necessary  for  its  development.  On  the 
other  hand,  severe  frosts,  penetrating  to  a 
great  depth,  pulverize  the  soil  so  that  rain 
and  warmth  affect  it  more  readily.  The 
cold  of  winter  is  mitigated  by  the  dryness 
of  the  air  during  that  season,  and  the  heat 


- 

- 

^ 

- 

I 

Average 

SS-S  Inches 



*     5 

V     J 

^    S 

i     $    S     i 

^     t     S 

>    1 

1 

►     5 

.     1    8 

1 

Fig.  14. 


The  annual  rainfall  at  Sioux  City, 
front  i8go  to  1^04. 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  IOWA 


JfS-'iJoo  to  S^,oooJ<cr  square  iniU 

Fig.  15.     The  value  of  farm 


_  Uandc 

products  per  square  mile. 


of  summer  is 
made  endur- 
able by  the 
almost  con- 
stant breezes. 
Vegetation. 
W  hen  the 
white  settlers 
came  to  Iowa 
fully  seven- 
eighths  of  the 


Fig    16.     Cutting  and  hauling  hay  near  Ottunm'a. 


soon  rewarded  the  farmer's 
efforts.  An  extensive  region 
around  Storm  Lake  which 
pioneers  found  perfectly  bare 
is  now  covered  with  one  of 
the  finest  woodland  groves 
in  the  country.  In  traveling 
over  Iowa  one  will  find  elm, 
oak,  linden,  and  maple  trees 
in  large  numbers. 

From  the  earliest  days  the 
prairies  of  Iowa  have  afforded 
fine  pasturage.  Native 
grasses  still  are  to  be  found 
and  large  crops  of  blue  grass, 
timothy,  and  clover  are  now 
grown  through- 
out the  state. 
Wild  flowers 
such  as  golden- 
rod,  asters, 
wild  roses,  and 
honey-suckle 
everywhere  add 
to  the  beauty 
of  meadow 
and  woodland. 


prairies  were  treeless.  This 
condition  now  is  thought  to 
have  been  caused  by  prairie 
fires,  but  the  pioneers  supposed 
that  the  soil  was  not  adapted 
to  the  growth  of  trees.  How- 
ever, as  soon  as  extensive  tracts 
were  settled,  wind-breaks  were 
planted  to  protect  houses  and 
farm  buildings  from  the  wintr\- 
blasts,  and  farmers  found  that 
nearly  all  deciduous  trees  would 
thrive.  In  later  years  part  of 
a  farmer's  taxes  were  remitted 
if  he  set  out  a  certain  area  in 
trees,  and  groves  of  cotton- 
wood,   willow,    and    box-elder 


I         I  JO  to  75  torn  ptr  iqu^ 

Fig 


f~)  100  to  ISO  tons  per  square-mile 
ns  per  square  mite  |^g|/jo  tons  per  square  mile  and  oi 

The  production  of  hay  and  forage  per  square  mile. 


THE  GEl^GRAPHY  OF  IOWA 


Fig.  iS.     Cutting  corn  in  Linn  Cminty.     Here  pumpkins 
Iiai'c  been  grown  between  the  corn  rows. 

Agriculture  and  Stock  Raising.     For  the 

production  of 
great   crops 
the  prime  fac- 
tors   required 
are   good  soil 
and  a  favor- 
able climate. 
Iowa   has   a 
large   acreage 
of  rich  soil, 
an  abundant 
rainfall,  and  a 
climate  splen- 
didly adapted 
to  the  growth 
of   grains; 
hence  it  is  well 
fitted  to  take  a  forewiost  place  as  an  agri 
cultural    state.      Practically 
one-half  the  population  is  en- 
gaged in  farming.      (Figs.  2, 
16,  18,  20,  22,  and  26.)     Hay, 
com,    oats,    flax,    barley,    rye, 
and   potatoes   are   raised   in 
great  quantities.     (Adv.  Geog., 
Figs.  259,  262,  and  270.)     Iowa 
is  one  of  the  leading  states  in 
the  total  value  of  its  grains 
and  general  agricultural  prod- 
ucts, also  in  the  total  value  of 
its    live    stock.      (Figs.    15,    17, 


J  bushels  fcr  square  mile 

Fig.  ig.     The  yield 


19,  21,  and  23.)  In  1902  and  1903  Iowa 
ranked  second  in  the  production  of  hay,  com, 
and  oats.  It  stands  fifth  in  flax.  (Adv. 
Geog.,  Figs.  260,  263,  and  271.) 

With  so  great  a  yield  of  hay,  corn,  and  oats, 
it  naturalty  follows  that  the  farmers  have 
fine  live  stock.  (Figs,  i  and  24.)  Of  its  fine 
horses  Iowa  may  well  be  proud,  for  although 
in  1903  Texas  produced  more  horses,  Iowa's 
horses  sold  for  a  greater  total.  (Adv.  Geog., 
Fig.  267.)  In  the  same  year  Iowa  ranked  first 
in  the  number  of  hogs  raised.  (Fig.  25,  and 
Adv.  Geog.,  Fig.  269.)  Beef  cattle  are  raised 
in  large  numbers,  and  fine  herds  of  milch  cows 

make  Iowa 
famous  for 
its  dairy  prod- 
ucts. (Figs.  28 
and  30,  and 
Adv.  Geog., 
Figs.  224,  225, 
250,  and  251.) 
Sheep  are 
herded  in 
large  numbers 
in  several  sec- 
tions. (Fig.  29.) 
The  light,  dry, 
well-drained 
soil  helps  to 
make  poultry 
raising  an   industry  of  much  importance. 


^^  J,30C  bushels  per  sguaT' 

of  corn  per  square  mile. 


Fig. 


Reaping  one  of  the  great  wheat  fields  in  Lyon  County. 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  IOWA 


Nearly  all  cities  and  large 
towns  have  truck  gardens 
near  by  to  supply  their  mar- 
kets. Apples,  grapes,  cherries, 
and  small  fruits  are  raised  in 
the  southern  part  of  the  state. 
(Fig.  27,  and  Adv.  Geog.,  Fig. 
294.) 

Mineral  Resources.  With 
rich  soil  and  abundant  rain- 
fall, Iowa  would  have  become 
a  wealthy  state  even  though 
it  had  no  minerals;  but  it  is 
still  more  favored.  Besides 
the  fertile  loam,  the  continu- 
ous sunshine,  and  the  abun- 
dant moisture  so  necessary 
to  the  growth  of 
cereals  the  state 
has  valuable 
mineral  wealth. 

The  most  im- 
portant mineral 
is  bituminous 
coal.      A  b  o  u  t 


I        1  Liss  than  04  bushels^er  squa: 
^^^'"\  64  to  Itjo  bushels  per  square  tn 

Fig.  21.     The  yield  of  wheat  per  square  mile. 


\'i''y\  lOo  to  040  Ijuslieis per  square  miie 
040  to  j,2oo  bushels  per  square  milt 


20,000    square 
miles  of   Iowa's 


Fig.  2  2.     .4  field  after  reaping  and  shocking  in  the  great 
of  Benton  County. 


Fig.  23. 


Jt^oo  busheli  per  square  mile  and  over 

The  yield  of  oats  per  square  mile. 


prairies  are  ixn- 
derlaid  by  this 
valuable  fuel. 
(Fig.  31,  and 
Adv.  Geog.,  Fig. 
221.)  The  mines 
along  the  Des 
Moines  River 
are  the  most 
worked.  The  total  output  of 
coal  for  1903  was  6,419,811 
tons.  In  1902  Iowa  ranked 
ninth  in  tonnage  and  seventh 
in  value  of  coal  mined. 

One  of  the  finest  gypsum 
deposits  in  the  United  States 
is  near  Fort  Dodge,  in  Web- 
ster County,  the  deposits 
varying  from  ten  to  twenty- 
five  feet  in  thickness.  In  the 
last  few  years  the  use  of  g^'p- 
sum  has  increased  greatly.  It 
is  now  employed  in  making 
plaster  for  stucco,  in  the 
manufacture  of  calcimine,  as 
a  basis  for  paint,  and  as  a 
fertilizer.     There  is  a  large 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  IOWA 


number  of  mills  in 
operation  at  Fort 
Dodge,  where  the  fine 
railroad  facilities  give 
excellent  prospects  for 
a  still  more  extensive 
output  of  gypsum 
products.  In  1903 
Iowa  ranked  third  in 
the  quantity  of  gyp- 
sum produced. 

Deposits    of    clay 
suitable    for    use    in 


Fig.  24.     Feeding  time  on  a  Marshall  County  farm. 


the  manufacture  of  paving  bricks,  tile, 
and  pottery  are  widely  and  abundantly 
distributed 
throughout 
the  state.  The 
making  of 
brick  is  becom- 
ing an  indus- 
try of  great 
and  growing 
importance. 
In  1902  Iowa 
ranked  eighth 
in  the  value  of 
clay  products. 
Shale  is  plenti- 
ful and  widely 
distributed. 

(Fig-  33-)     It  is 
used  formanu- 


found  in  Allamakee 
Manufacturing. 


] 

1 

y 

^t^^P 

■ 

1 

1   I^T^I 

1 

■ 

1 

m 

1 

1 

/     ' 

i 

■Cpmii.  laM 

!,  Sr  Coih^a^j' 

xi 

}  to  50  bead  per  sqita 


Fig. 


head  fa 
B  100  luad  per  square  mile  attd  jver 

The  number  of  hogs  per  square  mile. 


Various  kinds  of 
limestone  adapted  to 
building  purposes, 
road  making,  and  the 
manufacture  of  con- 
crete and  lime  are 
found  in  inexhaustible 
quantities  and  quar- 
ried in  several  parts 
of  the  state.  (Fig.  32.) 
Lead  and  zinc  are 
mined  near  Dubuque 
and  some  iron  is 
County. 

So  long  as  the  early 
settlers  were 
richly  reward- 
ed for  tilling 
the  soil  they 
gave  little  at- 
t  e  n  t  i  o  n  to 
manufactur- 
ing. Later, 
when  the  farm 
lands  were  all 
taken  up  and 
the  population 
had  increased, 
the  great  pos- 
sibilities for 
various  kinds 
of  manufac- 
turing   were 


facturing  vitrified  paving  and  building  brick.    I    discovered.     Water    power   was    abundant. 


Oats  stacked  ready  for  threshing. 


Fig. 


.4 );  orchard  scene  in  southern  Iowa. 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  IOWA 


Fig    28, 


The  iinmber  of  neat  cattle  per  square  mile 


coal  underlay 
immense  areas 
(Fig.  35),  and 
there  were  splen- 
d  i  d  shipping 
facilities.  Sup- 
plies of  gypsum, 
clay,  lead,  and 
other  raw  mate- 
rials were  found 
within  the  state. 
It  followed  naturally,  there- 
fore, that  people  began  to 
establish  factories  of  various 
kinds.  Although  all  of  the 
industrial  enterprises  are 
young,  yet  in  the  year  1900 
the  value  of  manufactured 
products  was  $164,61  7,877. 

Without  her  immense  coal 
areas,  Iowa's  prospects  of  be- 
coming a  great  manufacturing 
state  would  be  small.  As  coal 
is  found  in  thirty  counties  it 
can  be  carried  easily  over  the 
state  at  small  cost,  thus  giv- 
ing impetus  everywhere  to 
manufacturing..     (Fig.  35.) 


g.     blieep  feeding  m  a  farm  yard  in  Wright  C  on 


The  principal  manufactures 
in  the  order  of  their  value  and 
the  leading  centers  of  their  in- 
dustries in  1900  were:  meat 
products  (Sioux  City)  (Fig.  55), 
factory  made  butter,  cheese, 
and  condensed  milk  (Des 
Moines,  Waverly),  (Fig.  30), 
flouring  and  grist  mill  products 
(Sioux  City,  Des  Moines), 
timber  and  lumber  products 
including  sash,  doors,  and 
blinds  (Dubuque,  Clinton), 
(Fig.  58),  cars  and  car  repairs 
(Council  Bluffs,  Des  Moines), 
the  products  of  printing  and 
publishing  (Des 
Moines,  Sioux 
City),  foundry 
and  machine- 
shop  products 
(Davenport, 
Burlington) ,  car- 
riages and  wag- 
>  ms  (Dubuque, 
r>ur  lington) , 
food    products 


Fig. 


too  If  ,^o0fO0o  Ibs^  I       I  J00.000.t(7  6oo,ot 
§■  s,ooo,ooo  la  j,ooo,ooo  lbs. 

Value  of  dairy  products  by  counties  in  1903.    The  figures  denote  the 
rank  in  production  of  each  county. 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  IOWA 


13 


(Cedar  Rapids),  clay  products  (Des  lloines,  Sioux  City), 
pearl  buttons  (;\Iuscatine,  Davenport,  Clinton).  (Fig.  39.) 
Iowa  will  remain  an  agricultural  state ;  but  the  time  is 
not  far  distant  when  it  will  rank  high  in  manufactures. 
Commerce.  When  a  state  produces  much  more  than 
the  wants  of  its  people  demand,  it  needs  to  be  situated 
on  great  lines  of  trade,  and  in  this  respect  Iowa  is  admir- 
ably located.  The  Mississippi  River  furnishes  an  eas}- 
route  for  north-south  transportation  (Fig.  38) ,  and  the  eight 
great  railroad  lines  coming  into  the  state  from  the  East, 
and  meeting  at  Council  Bluffs,  provide  excellent  east-west 
transportation  facilities  and  help  to  make  this  city  a  gen- 
eral distributing  point  for  the  Far  West.  Iowa's  com- 
merce consists  chiefly  in  exporting  grain,  live  stock,  and 
similar  commodities  and  in  importing  manufactured 
products.     No  point  in  the  state  is  distant  more  than 

thirteen 


j5;/i'  of  shale  clays  on 
dk  in  Monroe  Count  v. 


Fig.   31.      -     1'-   ■■     '   upper  coal   measures,  Montgomery 

County.     Xote  the  intervening  strata  of 

linzestone  ami  shales. 

miles  from  a 
railroad,  and 
but  three  states 
in  the  Union 
have  a  greater 
railroad  mile- 
age ;  the  total 
in  1904  was 
nearly  10,000 
miles.  New 
avenues  of 
trade  are  being 
opened  con- 
stantly by 
electric  lines. 


Gray  Cn. 

The  great  trunk  line  railroads  crossing 
the  state  are  the  Chicago,  Rock  Island  & 
Pacific;  the  Chicago,  Burlington  &  Ouincy; 
the  Chicago,  Milwaukee  &  St.  Paul ;  the  Chi- 
cago Greal  Western ;  the  Chicago  &  North- 
western, and  the  Illinois  Central.  There 
are  numerous  branch  lines  making  connec- 
tions north  and  south. 

History.  The  present  state  of  Iowa  was 
originally  a  part  of  the  great  territory  of 
Louisiana  purchased  from  France  during 
Jefferson's  administration.  At  different 
times  it  has 
formed  part  of 
the  territories 
of  Louisiana, 
Missouri,  Mich- 
igan, and  Wis- 
consin.  In 
1838  it  was 
made  a  terri- 
tory by  itself, 
and  in  1846, 
with  its  pres- 
ent b  o  u  n  d  a- 
ries,  Iowa  was 
admitted    into 

L  ity  in  Jon^s  County. 


14 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  IOWA 


the  Union,  the  first  free  state  in  the  Louisi- 
ana Purchase. 

The  first  white  settlement  in  Iowa  was 
made  at  Dubuque,  about  1788,  by  Julien 
Dubuque,  an  adventurous  French  Canadian 
trader  who  settled  among  the  Indians.  Here 
he  opened  lead  mines,  built  a  smelting  furnace, 
and  established  a  fur-trading  post.   (Fig.  54.) 

At  the  close  of  the  Black  Hawk  War  in 
1832  the  United  States  purchased  the 
land  from  the  Indians,  who  then  settled 
in  Missouri  and  Nebraska.     Soon  came  the 


Fig.  34.     Miners  worki 
Appall: 


white-topped 
immigrant 
wagons  bring- 
i  n  g  whole 
families  from 
New  England, 
Ohio,  and 
other  eastern 
states. 

In  1852  an- 
other tide  of 
immigration 
began.  Be- 
sides large 
numbers  from 
the  east  there 
were    Scandi- 


/  a  in: lie, 


nnly. 


Fig.  3(1.     .1  typical  mining  scene  near  Oskaloosa. 

navians,  Germans,  Bohemians,  and  Irish 
from  Europe.  These  have  proved  to  be 
excellent  colonizers  and  good  citizens. 

The  first  capital  of  Iowa  was  at  Iowa 
City,  but  as  this  site  was  found  to  be  too 
far  east,  Des  Moines  was  made  the  capital 
in  1857.  The  state  records  and  papers 
were  transported  overland,  as  there  was  no 
railroad.  In  the  same  year  occurred  the 
Indian  massacre  at  Spirit  Lake.  (Fig.  56.) 
Sac  and  Fox  Indians.  During  the  Black 
Hawk  War  some  of  the  Sacs  and  the  Foxes 
refused  to  fight  against  the  whites.  In 
derision    they  -were    called    "  Musquakies," 

or  deserters. 
They  remained 
in  Tama  Coun- 
ty where  their 
descendants 
n  umb  e  r  i  ng 
about  400  still 
live,  occupying 
a  tract  of  land 
e  mbrac  i  ng 
more  than 
3,000  acres. 

Amana  Col- 
ony.     Among 


Fic.-  35- 


00,000  to  2S0t0i 

1  to  soo,ooo  tons      ^^/■•rom  joo,ooo  to  1,000,000  tons   ^g  t, 000,000  Ions  and  c 

The  coal  fields  of  Iowa  and  the  production  of  coal  by  counties. 


the 
and 
est 


largest 
wealthi- 
of    the 


communistic 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  IOWA 


IS 


settlements  in  the  United  States 
is  the  Amana  Colony  in  Iowa 
County.  The  people  are  Ger- 
mans, industrious  and  intelli- 
gent, and  care  little  for  the 
pleasures  of  the  world.  The 
colony  comprises  eight  villages 
and  extensive  areas  of  farming 
and  pasture  lands,  25,000  acres 
in  all.  The  land  is  held  in  com- 
mon by  the  community. 

Education.     No   child   born 
in  Iowa,  whether  he  desires  to 
be  a  scientific  farmer,   a  skilled  mechanic, 
or  a  professional  man, 
need  leave  the  state  to 
secure  his   education. 
Liberal  provision  has 
been  made  for  an  ex- 
cellent system  of  pub- 
lic   schools,    colleges, 
and    universities    by 
creating  a  permanent 
school    fund    from 
money  secured  by  the 
sale  of  public  lands. 


Fig.  3S.     .1  sICLiinboat  on  tlte  Mississippi  River. 
In  addition  to  the 


interest  on  this  fund,  money  for  the  support 


Fig.  3y.      i-n-nc   in  a  pearl  button  factory  at  Muscatine  where  they  are 
soaking  the  clam  shells  in  fresh  water  to  make  them  less  brittle. 


crcal  mills  at  Cedar  Kapuls. 

of  the  schools  is  raised  by  local  taxation. 
In  ma  intaining  its  pub- 
lic schools  Iowa  ex- 
pends annually  more 
than  $10,000,000.  Of 
this  amount  nearly 
$5,000,000  is  derived 
from  the  permanent 
school  fund. 

The    public    school 
system    is   under   the 
direction    of  a    state 
superintendent,   of  county  superintendents, 
city   superintendents,  and   local  boards. 
Women  are  permitted  to  hold 
any  school  office  in  the  state. 
The  school  age  is  from  five  to 
twenty-one    years.       Children 
between  the  ages  of  seven  and 
fourteen  must  attend  school, 
either  public    or  private,  for 
not  less  than  sixteen  consecu- 
tive school  weeks  of  each  year. 
The   total   enrollment    in    the 
public    schools    in    1904    was 
345,940.      There  are  345  high 
schools  in  the  state,  enrolling 
in   1904  30,900  pupils. 

The  state  maintains  three 
important  institutions  for 
higher  education :  The  State 
University  at  Iowa  City  (Fig. 


i6 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  IOWA 


THE  LEADING  EDUCATIONAL  INSTITUTIONS  OF  IOWA. 


COLLEGES  AND  UNIVERSITIES 

1  Iowa    State    College    of    Agriculture    and 

Mechanic  Arts,  State,  Ames. 

2  Coe  College,  Presb.,  Cedar  Rapids. 

3  Charles  City  College,  M.  E.,  Charles  City. 

4  Wartburg  College,  Luth,,  Clinton. 

5  Amity  College,  Non-Sect.,  College  Springs. 

6  Lutheran  College,  Luth..  Decorah. 

7  Des  Moines  College.  Bapt.,  Des  Moines. 

8  Drake  University,  Christian,  Des  Moines. 

9  St.  Joseph's  College,  R.  C,  Dubuque, 
lo  Epworth  Seminary,  M.  E.,  Epworth. 


1 1  Parsons  College,    Presb. ,    Fairfield. 

12  Upper  Iowa  University,  M.  E.,  Fayette. 

13  Iowa  College,  Cong.,  Grinnell. 

14  Lenox  College,  Presb.,  Hopkinton. 

15  Simpson  College,  M,  E.,  Indianola. 

1 6  State  University  of  lowa.-State,  Iowa  City. 

17  Ellsworth  College,  Non-Sect.,  Iowa  Falls. 
i8  Lutheran  College,  Luth.,  Jewell. 

19  Western   Union   College,    United    Evang., 

Le  Mars. 

20  Iowa  Wesleyan  University.  M.  E.,  Mount 

Pleasant. 

21  Cornell  College,  M.  E.,  Mount  Vernon. 


2  2  Penn  College,  Friends,  Oskaloosa. 

23  Central  University  of  Iowa,  Bapt.,  Pella. 

24  Morningside  College,  M.  E.,  Sioux  City. 

25  Buena  Vista  College,  Presb.,  Storm  Lake- 

26  Tabor  CoUege.Cong.,  Tabor. 

27  Western  College,  U.  B.,  Toledo. 

28  Wartburg   Seminary,    Luth.,    Waverly. 

PUBLIC  AND  PRIVATE  NORMAL 
SCHOOLS 

29  Iowa  State  Normal  School,  Cedar  Falls. 

30  Highland  Park  College,   Des  Moines. 

31  Western   Normal  College,   Shenandoah. 


Fig.  40.     Liberal  Arts  Building  State  University  of  hnva.  Iowa  f;/i' 

40),  the  State  Normal  School  at  Cedar  Falls 
(Fig.  42),  and  the  State  College  of  Agricul- 
ture and  Mechanic  Arts  at  Ames  (Figs.  43 
and  46).     In  addition  to  the 
state    institutions   mentioned, 
a  number  of  denominational 
schools,    colleges,    seminaries, 
and  normal  schools  supported 
by  endowment  or  by  tuition 
fees,  well  distributed  over  the 
state,  are  doing  good  work  foi 
higher  education.    (Fig.  41 .) 

State  Institutions.  The 
state  supports  four  classes  of 
institutions :  Educational, 
Charitable,  Reformatory,  and 
Penal.  The  three  last  men- 
tioned are  managed  by  a 
board  of    control   consisting 


of  three  members  who  are 
appointed  by  the  Governor  for 
six  years  and  confirmed  by  the 
Senate.  Not  more  than  two 
members  of  this  board  may  be 
from  the  same  political  party. 
This  board  also  manages  the 
finances  of  the  State  Univer- 
sitv,  the  State  Normal  School, 
and  the  Agricultural  College. 

State    Charities.      Iowa    has 
been  generous  in  providing  for 
its    unfortunate.     Among   the 
larger  institutions  may  be  men- 
tioned the  School  for  the  Deaf 
at  Council  BlufTs,  the  College 
for  the   Blind   at   Vinton,   the    Institution 
for.  the    Feeble-minded  at   Glenwood,   the 
Soldiers'  Home  at  Marshalltown  (Fig.  44), 


(foj,*r,VA{,*l!»l.  It  Sind,  UfXat 

Fig.  41.  The  leading  educational  institutions  of  Iowa. 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  IOWA 


17 


the  Soldiers'  Orphans'  Home  at  Davenport 
(Fig.  51),  and  hospitals  for  the  Insane  at 
Cherokee,  Independence,  Mount  Pleasant, 
and  Clarinda. 

Reformatory  and  Penal  Institutions.  The 
Industrial  School  for  Girls  is  located  at 
Mitchellville,  the  Industrial  School  for 
Boys  at  Eldora,  and  the  Reformatory  for 
Females  at  Anamosa.  The  State  Peniten- 
tiaries are  two  in  number  and  are  located 
at  Anamosa  and  Fort  Madison. 

Government.  Iowa  is  represented  in  Con- 
gress b}^  two  Senators  and  ele\-en  Represent- 
atives, and  therefore  has  thirteen  electoral 
votes.  (Fig.  47.)  The  state  government  is 
administered    by   three    departments  —  the 


Fig.  43. 


Central  Building,  Iowa  State  College  of  Agri- 
culture and  Mechanic  Arts,  Ames. 


nn^^ 

,^^      ^ 

;,                             T 

i  ■■ 

J^^ 

1 

^Wmiinnamr^inrir.^  c 

Fig.  42.     loii^a  Stale  Xormal  School,  Cedar  Falls. 


sentatives  elects  one  of  its  own  members 

for  speaker. 

The  officers  of  the  executive  department 

are  all  elected  by  the  people  for  two  years. 
The  chief  executive  is 
the  Governor.  The 
other  officers  of  the 
state  department  are 
the  Lieutenant-Gov- 
ernor, the  Secretary  of 
State,  the  Auditor,  the 
Treasurer,  the  Attor- 
ney-General, and  the 
Superintendent  of  Pub- 
lic Instruction. 

Much  of  the  executive 
business  is  left  to  the 
Executive  Council,  con- 


Legislative,  the  Executive,  and  the  Judicial. 
These  departments  correspond  closely  to  the 
great  departments  into  which  our  national 
government  is  divided. 

The  legislative  department  is  composed 
of  two  branches,  the  Senate  and  the  House 
of  Representatives.  The  Assembly,  as 
the  Senate  and  the  House  of  Representa- 
tives are  called,  meets  at  the  capitol  in  Des 
^loines  once  in  two  years.  (Fig.  45.)  There 
are  fifty  Senators  and  100  Representatives. 
The  Senators  are  elected  for  four  years  and 
the  Representatives  for  two  years.  The 
presiding  officer  of  the  Senate  is  the  Lieu- 
tenant-Governor.    The    House    of    Repre- 


sisting  of  the  Governor,  Secretary  of  State, 
Treasurer,  and  Auditor. 

There  is  a  State  Board  of  Control  consisting 


Fig.  44.     ^iate  Soldiers'  Home.  Marshalltown. 


i8 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  IOWA 


l" ic.  45.     Slalc  Capitot,  Dcs  Moinc. 

of  three  members  appointed  by  the 
Governor,  with  the  approval  of  the 
Senate.  This  board  supervises  the 
finances  of  the  State  University, 
Agricultural  College,  and  the  Nor- 
mal School,  and  has  complete  man- 
agement of  all  other  state  institu- 
tions. The  state  department  pro- 
vides a  railway  commissioner,  dairy 
commissioner,  inspector  of  mines, 
state  printer,  and  others. 

The  judicial  department  con- 
sists of  a  Supreme  Court,  District 
Courts,  and  supervisor,  or  mayor's 
and  police  courts.  The  heads  of 
all  these  courts  are  elected  by  the 
people.  The 
Supreme  Court 
is  composed  of 
six  judges 
elected  for  six 
years  each; 
and  each 
serves  as  chief 
justice  during 
his  last  year. 

I  o  w  a  has 
ninety -nine 
counties  and 
each  county 
has  a  District 
Court.  Judges 


III 


Fig.    46.       Campanile, 

Agricultural  College, 

Ames. 


Fic,  48.      Blufls  at  Dubuque.     In  the  liuicsloi 
tioiii  in  llte.'ie  hliifj.';  lead  lias  long  rccn  nu 


for  these  courts  are  elected  by  the 
people  for  four  years.  Cities  hav- 
ing a  population  of  7,000  or  more 
may  establish  superior  courts.  Such 
courts  are  found  in  Council  Bluffs, 
Cedar  Rapids,  and  Keokuk. 

The  counties  are  governed  by 
officers  elected  for  two  years.  They 
consist  of  a  board  of  supervisors, 
an  auditor,  a  clerk  of  courts,  a 
treasurer,  a  county  attornev, 
a  superintendent  of  schools,  a 
sheriff,  a  surveyor,  and  a  coroner. 
Generally  speaking,  the  govern- 
ment of  cities  and  incorporated 
towns  is  administered  by  a  mayor 
and  a  council 
composed  of 
aldermen.  A 
few  cities  are 
governed  by 
special  char- 
ters granted 
in  the  early 
days  by  the 
general  as- 
sembly ;  these 
are  Dubuque, 
Davenport, 
Cedar  Rapids, 
Keokuk,  and 
Muscatine. 


Fig.  47.     The  Congressional  districts  of  Iowa,  jgo4. 


GROWTH  AND  DEVELOPMENT  OF  CITIES 


19 


//.     GROWTH  AXD  DEVELOPMEXT  OF  CITIES 

Gain  in  Population.  Iowa  ranks  among  the  states  in  whicli  the  city  or  town  population 
relatively  is  far  out-distanced  by  the  rural.  The  number  of  persons  living  in  towns  having 
4,000  or  more  inhabitants  constitutes  a  little  less  than  one -fifth  of  the  total  population. 
Three  facts  may  be  noted  in  this  connection:  (i)  that  cities,  towns,  and  villages  are  evenly 
distributed  over  the  state  (Fig.  49) ;  (2)  that  the  total  town  or  urban  population  relatively 
is  small;    (3)  that  there  are  no  great  centers  like  New  York  and  Chicago.     (Fig.  50.) 

These  conditions  in  Iowa  are  due  partly  to  the  character  of  its  resources  and  partly  to 
its  physical  characteristics.  Iowa  is  a  prairie  state  easily  accessible  from  every  side,  and 
everywhere  fertile.  As  a  consequence  farming  population  and  urban  centers  serving  as  out- 
lets for  farming  districts  became  evenly  distributed.  Since  the  mineral,  forest,  and  water 
power  resources  are  insufficient  to  support  great  mining  or  manufacturing  communities  agri- 
cultural industries  remain  dominant,  and  the  rural  population  retains  the  lead.  Physical 
conditions  have  caused  trade  and  manufactures  to  develop  at  many  points  with  almost  equal 
advantage,  hence  no  one  city  has  attained  metropolitan  rank.  Usually  the  larger  towns  are 
those  which  have  exceptional  transportation  facilities,  and  which  distribute  and  manufacture 
supplies  for  vast  farming  areas.  In  a  few  instances  the  growth  of  cities  has  been  aided  by 
the  presence  of  coal  mines  or  water  pow-er. 

The  population  figures  of  the  cities  given  herewith  are  from  the  state  census  of  1905  : 

&  North-Westem  Railway 
and  manufactures  of 
brick,  tile,  and  pottery. 
It  has  excellent  transpor- 
tation facilities  and  ships 
large  quantities  of  coal. 

Burlington  ( 2  5 , 3 1 8 ) ,  the 
county  seat  of  Des  IMoines 
County,  is  well  situated 
for  trade,  being 
located  on  the 
banks  of  the 
Mississippi  and 
having  good 
railroad  con- 
nections. Re- 
pair shops  of 
the  Chicago, 
Burlington  & 
Quincy  Rail- 
road are  located 
here.  Among 
the  leading 
manufactures 
of  the  city  are 
lumber  and  lum- 
ber   products, 


Atlantic    (4,893),    the 
county    seat    of    Cass 
County,  eighty    miles 
southwest  of  Des  Moines, 
lies   in   the   center   of   an 
excellent  farming  district. 
Among  its  industrial  en- 
terprises are  a   corn-can- 
ning   factory,    a    planing 
mill,  and  wagon 
works.     Adja- 
cent to  the  town 
are    flourishing 
nurseries. 

Boone  (9,500), 
the  count}-  seat 
of  Boone  Coun- 
ty, is  located 
near  the  Des 
Moines  River, 
forty-three 
miles  northwest 
of  Des  Moines. 
Coal  is  mined 
in  the  vicinity. 
Here  are  shops 
of  the  Chicago 


Fig.  49.     The  density  of  popu- 
lation per  square  mile 
in  Iowa. 


Fig 


TIte  density  of  urban  population  in  Iowa,  census 


of  igoo 


GROWTH  AND  DEVELOPMENT  OF  CITIES 


engines,  agricultural  implements,  harness,  wag- 
ons, and  pearl  buttons. 

Cedar  Falls  (5,329)  is  in  Black  Hawk  County, 
ninety-nine  miles  west  of  Dubuque  and  106  miles 
northeast  of  Des  Moines.  It  is  pleasantly  located 
on  the  rapids  of  Cedar  River,  which  gives  it 
superior  water  power  and  makes  it  a  natural 
manufacturing  center.  Here  are  mills  for  flour, 
oatmeal,  pearl 
barley,  and  fac- 
tories for  canned 
goods, house  fur- 
nishings, cloth- 
ing, specialties 
of  various  kinds, 
such  as  feeders 
for  threshing; 
machines,  no\' 
elties  in  har«: 
ware,  foundrx 
work,  and  ma- 
chine  shops.     It  I'"'-  5'-     The  Iowa  ^.i!.,- 

is  the  seat  of  the  Iowa  State  Normal  School,  noted 
for  its  large  attendance  of  students,  its  extensive 
course  of  study  designed  to  meet  the  needs  of  all 
classes  of  public  school  teachers,  and  the  unusual 
financial  support  given  it  by  the  state.    (Fig.  42.) 

Cedar  Rapids  (28,759),  in  Linn  County,  well 
located  on  the  Cedar  River,  is  a  city  of  wide 
streets  and  pleasant  homes.  Its  water  power 
and  excellent  railroad  connections  have  made  it 
a  manufacturing  center.  Its  cereal  mills  are  the 
largest  in  the  world  (Fig,  37) ;  meat  packing,  the 
making  of  wire  fencing,  furniture,  pumps,  flour, 
and  starch  are  important  industries.  Coe  Col- 
lege is  located  here. 

Centerville  (5,967),  Appanoose  County,  has  pro- 
ductive coal  mines.  (Fig.  34.)  Among  its  leading 
manufactures  are  machinery,  foundry  products, 
flour,  wagons,  and  cement  building  blocks. 


Charles  City  (4,546),  county  seat  of  Floyd 
County,  is  well  located  on  the  Cedar  River,  in  a 
fertile  agricultural  district  where  market  garden- 
ing, nurseries,  and  the  raising  of  live  stock  afford 
profitable  industrial  opportunities  to  the  people. 
It  has  excellent  railroad  service  and  the  river  fur- 
nishes valuable  water  power  utilized  by  manu- 
facturing  interests.     Furniture,    bank    fixtures, 

sash  and  blinds, 
butter,  cheese, 
and  disk  har- 
rows are  made 
here.  Building 
stone  is  quarried 
in  the  vicinity. 
Here  is  Charles 
City  College. 

Clinton  (22,- 
756),  the  county 
seat    of    Clinton 
C o u n t A' ,    is     a 
■phans'  Home  at  Davenport.  beautiful     city 

located  on  the  Great  Bend  of  the  Mississippi, 
where  three  fine  bridges  span  the  river.  It  has 
excellent  facilities  for  shipping  both  by  water 
and  by  rail  and  is  a  notable  commercial  center. 
The  chief  manufactures  are  furniture,  wagons, 
flour,  iron  and  steel  goods,  locks,  boxes,  wire 
cloth,  paper,  and  papier-mache. 

Council  Bluffs  (25,231),  the  county  seat  of 
Pottawattamie  County,  is  picturesquely  located 
on  the  Missouri  River  directly  opposite  Omaha. 
The  river  is  spanned  by  several  fine  steel  bridges- 
The  city  is  the  center  of  a  fine  live  stock,  fruit, 
and  grain  region,  and  is  one  of  the  most  impor- 
tant railroad  centers  in  the  West;  eight  great 
trunk  lines  from  the  East  converge  here  to  make 
connections  for  the  Pacific  Coast.  Construction 
and  repair  shops  of  several  of  these  railroads  are 
located  here.     Council  Bluffs  has  an  extensive 


CvDicil  nitifjs,  on  the  western  border  of  lon'o.      lieyniul  is  the  M 


GROWTH  AND  DEVELOPMENT  OF  CITIES 


ty  oj  Dubuque. 

trade  in  farming  implements,  wagons,  and  car- 
riages, besides  a  large  wholesale  trade.  Its  man- 
ufactures include  agricultural  implements,  wag- 
ons, machinery,  and  lumber  products.   (Fig  52.) 

Creston  (8,382),  the  county  seat  of  Union 
County,  in  the  center  of  the  famous  Blue  Grass 
region  of  southwestern  Iowa,  is  an  important 
town  103  miles  east  of  Council  Bluffs.  It  has  a 
good  trade  in  agricultural  implements  and  farm 
machinery,  as  well  as  in  general  merchandise. 
It  is  the  location  of  the  largest  round  house  and 
machine  shops  of  the  Chicago,  Burlington  & 
Ouincy  Railroad. 

Davenport  (39.797)-  the  county  seat  of  Scott 
County,  is  situated  on  the  Mississippi  River  oppo- 
site Rock  Island,  111.,  with  which 
it  is  connected  by  two  railroad 
bridges  and  a  ferry.  (Fig.  57.) 
The  city  is  surrounded  by  a  rich 
agricultural  and  coal-mining  region 
which  has  aided  in  its  develop- 
ment. It  is  an  important  railroad 
center  and  ships  large  quantities 
of  grain  and  other  farm  products. 
The  manufactures  include  lumber 
and  lumber  products,  agricultural 
implements,  engines,  wagons,  glu- 
cose, flour,  clothing,  cigars,  and 
buttons.  Meat  packing  is  a  large 
industry.  The  educational  institu- 
tions of  the  city  are  unexcelled. 

Des  Moines  (75,626),  the  county 
seat  of  Polk  County  and  the  cap- 
ital    and    metropolis    of     Iowa,      Fig   54 


is  situated  very  near  the  center  of  the  state  at 
the  junction  of  the  Des  Moines  and  Raccoon 
rivers.  It  has  become  an  important  railroad  cen- 
ter. Extensive  mines  of  bituminous  coal  near 
by  provide  cheap  fuel.  The  abundance  of  water 
and  inexpensive  coal,  and  its  excellent  transpor- 
tation facihties,  invite  manufactures.  Alreadv 
there  are  large  factories  turning  out  brick  and 
tile,  lumber  products,  furniture,  steam  engines, 
agricultural  implements,  harness,  wagons,  patent 
medicines,  starch,  flour,  cigars,  woolens,  knit 
goods,  and  gloves.  It  is  the  leading  center  of 
the  butter  industry  in  the  state.  The  Capitol  is 
a  magnificent  building  erected  at  a  cost  of 
$3,000,000.  (Fig.  45.)  The  Court  House  and 
Post  Office  are  fine  edifices.  Des  Moines  offers 
unusual  educational  advantages.  In  addition  to 
an  excellent  system  of  public  schools,  it  has 
Drake  University,  Des  Moines  College,  and 
Highland  Park  Normal  College. 

Dubuque  (41,941),  the  county  seat  of  Dubuque 
County,  is  situated  on  the  Mississippi  River, 
here  crossed  by  three  bridges.  Two — one  a 
great  railroad  bridge — connect  it  with  East 
Dubuque,  111.,  the  other  with  the  shore  of  Wiscon- 
sin. The  city  has  a  large  wholesale  trade.  Lead, 
zine,  and  limestone  are  found  in  paying  quanti- 
ties near  by.  (Fig.  48.)  Dubuque  has  built 
some  war  vessels  and  boats  for  the  Government, 
and  has  railway  repair  shops.    Its  manufactures 


umcnt  lo  Julien  Dubuque,  at  the  city  which  bears  his  name 


GROWTH  AND  DEVELOPMENT  OF  CITIES 


the  most  extensive  of  the  many  important  slaughtering  and  meat-packing  cstabltshnicyUs 
Middle  West  is  located  at  Siovtx  City. 


include  lumber,  sash,  doors,  blinds,  coffins,  cloth- 
ing, shoes,  linseed  oil,  malt  liquors,  harness,  car- 
riages, wagons,  agricultural  implements,  boilers, 
hardware,  and  white  enamel.  There  is  also  a 
large  meat-packing  establishment.     (Fig.  53.) 

Fairfield  (5,009),  county  seat  of  Jefferson 
County,  fifty-one  miles  northwest  of  Burlington, 
is  a  well-built  town  with  excellent  railway  facili- 
ties. The  surrounding  country  produces  corn, 
wheat,  oats,  hay,  fine  stock,  and  dairy  products. 
The  manufactures  are  varied;  among  them  are 
farm  implements,  wagons,  malleable  iron,  tile, 
and  gloves.  Coal  is  mined  near  by.  It  is  the 
seat  of  Parsons  College. 

Fort  Dodge  (14,369),  the  county  seat  of  Web- 
ster County,  is  situated  on  the  Des  Moines  River. 
Its  industries  are  connected  chiefly  with  the  agri- 
cultural products  of  the  district  of  which  it  is  the 
center.  Near  by  are  deposits  of  gypsum,  clay, 
building  stone,  and  coal.  Among  its  manufac- 
tures may  be  mentioned  stucco,  brick  and  tile, 
stoneware,  and  hydraulic  cement  blocks. 

Fort  Madison  (8,767),  the  county  seat  of  Lee 
County,  is  a  prosperous  town  on  the  Mississippi 
River.  It  manufactures  lumber,  plows,  cars, 
agricultural  implements,  and  chairs.  A  state 
penitentiary  is  located  here. 

Iowa  City  (8,459),  the  county  seat  of  Johnson 
County,  is  situated  on  the  Iowa  River.  It  ships 
large  quantities  of  grain  and  live  stock.     Adja- 


cent to  the  city  are  extensive  nurseries.  A  num- 
ber of  factories  are  doing  a  thriving  business. 
Among  the  manufactured  products  are  agricul- 
tural implements,  wire  fencing,  brick,  tile, 
brushes,  perfumery,  jewelry,  and  gloves.  Here 
is  located  the  State  University.     (Fig.  40.) 

Keokuk  (14,604),  the  county  seat  of  Lee 
County,  on  the  Mississippi  River  at  the  foot  of 
the  rapids,  is  well  fitted  by  its  location  to  become 
a  city  of  great  commercial  importance.  The 
largest  river  steamers  touch  its  wharves  and  a 
government  ship  canal  has  been  constructed  to 
take  boats  around  the  Des  Moines  River  Rapids. 
The  canal  is  seven  and  a  half  miles  long  and  300 
feet  wide.  The  river  furnishes  valuable  water 
power  and  Keokuk  manufactures  machinery, 
clothing,  pickled  and  canned  goods,  starch,  and 
shoes.  It  has  a  large  wholesale  trade.  A 
National  cemetery  is  located  here. 

Le  Mars  (5,041),  county  seat  of  Plymouth 
County,  is  twenty-five  miles  northeast  of  Sioux 
City  at  the  junction  of  two  railroads.  It  is  the 
market  town  for  a  fine  grain  and  live-stock  dis- 
trict. Among  its  industrial  enterprises  are 
included  prosperous  flouring  mills.  It  is  the 
seat  of  Western  Union  College. 

Marion  (4,112),  county  seat  of  Linn  County, 
six  miles  northeast  of  Cedar  Rapids,  is  division 
headquarters  of  the  Chicago,  Milwaukee  &  St. 
Paul    Railway.      It   is  the   market   for  a   fertile 


GROWTH  AND  DEVELOPMENT  OF  CITIES 


23 


Vast  numbers  of  cattle  arc  i\ 


creed  here  jroni  jartning  state 
this  industrial  pla 


Tlic  output  oj  paeked  meats  Jroin 


farming  area  yielding  large  crops  of  gjain  and 
much  live  stock. 

Marshalltown  (12,045),  the  county  seat  of 
Marshall  County,  is  the  trade  center  for  a  fine 
agricultural  section.  Its  manufactures  include 
glucose,  starch,  linseed  oil,  machinery,  wagons, 
and  buggies.  Meat  packing  is  an  industry. 
The  Soldiers'  Home  is  located  here.     (Fig.  44.) 

Mason  City  (8,357),  the  county  seat  of  Cerro 
Gordo  County,  is  a  railroad  center  surrounded 
by  fine  farms.  There  are  stone  quarries  in  the 
vicinity.  Meat  packing  is  the  leading  enterprise; 
lime,  brick,  tile,  and  gloves  are  manufactured. 
The  only  Portland  cement  factory  in  Iowa  is 
located  here. 

Missouri  Valley  (3,330)  is  situated  in  Harrison 
County,  twenty  miles  north  of  Council  Bluffs. 
Its  industrial  plants  include  railroad  shops  and 
stock  yards.  The  surrounding  country  produces 
grain  and  live  stock,  of  which  large  and  increas- 
ing shipments  are  made  from  this  point. 

Mount  Pleasant  (3,576)  is  the  county  seat  of 
Henry  County.  Its  industrial  establishments 
include  planing  and  flouring  mills  and  factories 
for  house  furnishings.  Grain  is  the  chief  agri- 
cultural product  of  the  tributary  country,  and 
stock  is  raised.  Mount  Pleasant  is  the  seat  of 
Weslej-an  University  and  of  the  German  College. 
The  Hospital  for  the  Insane  located  here  is  the 
oldest  in  the  state. 


a)id  leesleni  rang 
nt  is  owrmous. 

Muscatine  (15,087),  the  county  seat  of  Musca- 
tine County,  is  a  rapidly  growing  town  on  the 
Mississippi  River.  Here  are  one  of  the  largest 
sash  and  door  factories  in  the  United  States  and 
pearl-button  factories  that  give  employment  to 
a  large  number  of  people.  (Fig.  39.)  The  buttons 
are  made  from  fresh-water  shells.  Other  manu- 
factures are  lumber,  cereals,  and  brick.  Market 
gardening  in  this  vicinity  is  an  important  indus- 
try, and  large  quantities  of  melons  and  other 
vegetable  products  are  grown  and  shipped. 

Oelwein  (5,632),  Fayette  County,  a  prosperous 
and  growing  town,  and  a  leading  railroad  center, 
is  situated  in  one  of  the  richest  farming  sections 
in  the  state.  Its  railroad  interests  are  important. 
The  large  railroad  shops  located  here  do  all  kinds 
of  repair  work  and  the  road  makes  Oelwein  a 
distributing  center  of  supplies  to  all  parts  of  its 
system.  It  is  the  market  for  large  quantities  of 
agricultural  products. 

Oskaloosa  (10,203),  the  "ounty  seat  of  Ma- 
haska County,  is  situated  in  the  center  of  a  rich 
coal-mining  district.  (Fig.  36.)  The  coal  veins 
in  the  vicinit}^  are  from  two  to  six  feet  thick. 
Near  the  town  is  clay  suitable  for  paving  brick, 
sewer  pipes,  and  pottery.  Manufacturing  is 
increasing.  Machinery,  brick,  and  tile  are  the 
most  important  products.  Three  lines  of  rail- 
road furnish  transportation.  Penn  College, 
founded  bv  the  Friends,  is  located  here. 


24 


GROWTH  AND  DEVELOPMENT  OF  CITIES 


Ottumwa  (2o,iSi),  the  coun- 
tv  seat  of  Wapello  County,  is 
situated  on  both  sides  of  the 
Des  Moines  River,  in  the  heart 
of  a  great  coal-mining  section. 
The  river  here,  crossed  by  two 
railroads  and  three  iron  bridges, 
furnishes  water  power  for  the 
city's  growing  manufactures. 
It  has  excellent  railway  facili- 
ties. Ottumwa  packs  meats, 
manufactures  agricultural  im- 
plements and  machinery,  and 
has  one  of  the  largest  paving- 
brick  kilns  in  the  state.  It  has 
excellent  schools. 

Red  Oak  (4,907),  county  seat 
of  Montgomery  County,  is  situ- 
ated in  the  heart  of  a  section 
noted    for    its    large    crops    of 
grain  and  fruit,  and  for  its  live 
stock.    Its  manufactures  include  bee  hives,  brick, 
tile,  water  tanks,  and  mills;  a  foundry,  bridge 
and  iron  works,  and  one  of  the  largest  calendar 
manufactories  in  the  world  are  located  here. 

Sioux  City  (40,952),  the  county  seat  of  Wood- 
bury County,  is  ninety-five  miles  from  Council 
Bluffs  and  269  miles  from  St.  Paul  and  Minne- 
apolis. It  is  situated  where  the  Big  Sioux  joins 
the  Missouri,  and  is  the  largest  city  in  north- 
western Iowa,  being  the  chief  center  of  trade  and 
an  important  distributing  point  for  that  section. 
It  has  numerous  railroads  and  two  great  bridges 
connecting  it  with  the  Nebraska  side.  Large 
packing  houses,  iron  works,  railway  repair  shops. 


clothing  manufactories,  linseed- 
oil  mills,  flour  and  cereal  mills, 
and  brick-yards  give  emplov- 
ment  to  many  people.  (Fig.  55.) 
Washington  (4,489),  the 
county  seat  of  Washington 
County,  situated  in  a  fine 
agricultural  district,  is  a  lead- 
ing grain  center.  Large  ele- 
vators are  located  here  and 
three  railroads  provide  the 
town  with  good  shipping  facil- 
ities. The  manufactures  in- 
clude buggies,  wagon  boxes, 
cigars,  brick,  tile,  and  weighing 
machinery. 

Waterloo  (18,071),  the  coun- 
ty seat  of  Black  Hawk  County, 
a  growing  town  on  the  banks 
of  the  Cedar  River,  is  in  the 
midst  of  a  rich  farming  section. 
It  has  good  railroad  facilities  and  manufactures 
flour,  gasoline  engines,  locomotives,  furniture, 
sash,  doors,  refrigerators,  and  creamery  supplies. 
It  has  the  largest  cheese  factory  in  the  state. 

Webster  City  (4,797),  the  county  seat  of  Ham- 
ilton County,  is  finely  located  on  the  Boone  River 
in  a  fertile  district  midway  between  the  Missis- 
sippi and  the  Missouri.  It  is  at  the  junction  of 
three  railroads,  sixty-nine  miles  north  of  Des 
Moines,  and  ships  cereals,  fruit,  and  fine  live  stock. 
The  manufactures  include  boots,  shoes,  brick, 
tile,  and  boilers.  In  the  vicinity  are  coalmines 
and  mineral  springs.  It  has  excellent  schools,  a 
fine  public  library,  and  a  notable  hospital. 


uonumt'nt,  commemo- 
I  uprising  oj  iSi". 


Bridge  over  Mississippi  River  at  Davciipon 


Fig.  58.     .1  typical  scene  m  an  Iowa  lumber  yard. 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  IOWA 


///.     STATISTICS  AXD  AIDS  TO  TEACHERS 


Statistics  of  the  State  of  Iowa  by  Counties,  Federal  Census,  1900  and  1910. 


COUNTY 


POPULATION 


Adair 1851 

Adams 1851 

Allamakee 1847 

Appanoose 1843 

Audubon 185X 

Benton 1837 

Blackhawk 1843 

Boone 1846 

Bremer 1851 

Buchanan 1837 

Buena  Vista 1851 

Butler iSsi 

Calhoun 1851 

Carroll 1851 

Cass 1851 

Cedar 1837 

Cerro  Gordo 1851 

Cherokee 1851 

Chickasaw 1851 

Clarke 1S46 

Clay 1851 

Clarton 1S37 

Clinton 1S37 

Crawford 1851 

Dallas 1S46 

Dax-is 1843 

Decatur 1846 

Delaware 1837 

Des  Moines 1836 

Dickinson 1851 

Dubuque 1837 

Emmet 1851 

Favett2 1837 

Fbyd 1851 

Franklin 1851 

Fremont 1847 

Greene 1851 

Grundv 1851 

Guthrie i8s« 

Hamilton 1S51 

Hancock 1851 

Hardin 1851 

Harrison 1851 

Henry 1836 

Howard 1851 

Humboldt i8st 

Ida 1851 

Iowa 1843 

Jackson 1S37 

Jasper 1846 

Jefterson 1830 

Johnson 1837 

Jones 1837 

Keokuk 1843 

Kossuth 1851 

Lee 1836 

Linn 1837 

Louisa 1836 

Lu^ 1846 

Lyon 1S51 

Madison 1 846 

Mahaska 1843 

Marion 1845 

Marshall 1846 

Mills i8si 

MitcheU 1851 

Monona 1851 

Monroe 1843 

Montgomery' 1851 

Muscatine 1836 

O'Brien 1851 

Osceola 1851 

Page 1S47 

Palo  Alto 1851 

Phrmouth 1851 

Pocahontas 1851 

Polk 1846 

Pottawattamie 1847 

Poweshiek 1843 

Ringgold 1847 

Sac 1851 

Scott 1837 

Shelby 1851 

Sioux 1851 


576 
576 
576 
576 
S76 
576 
576 
566 
S76 
48s 
432 
566 
745 
668 
720 
576 
500 
534 
576 
398 
408 
604 
398 
720 
494 
576 
487 
S70 
504 
576 
576 
S66 
576 
684 


432 
576 
6ig 
720 
432 
6l4 
576 
576 
964 
490 
720 
396 
432 
555 
576 
576 
576 
576 
41S 
470 
684 


420 
566 
398 
528 
566 
840 
576 
576 
926 
576 
545 
576 


1910 

14.420 
10,998 
17.328 
28.701 
12.671 
23.156 
44.86s 
27,626 
15,843 
19.748 
IS.981 
17. 119 
17.090 


25.011 
16.741 
15-375 
10,736 
12,766 
25.576 
45.394 
20.041 
23.628 
13,315 
16.347 
17.888 
36.145 

8.137 
57.450 

9.816 
27.919 
17. 119 
14.780 
15.623 
16.023 
13.574 
17.374 
19  242 
12.731 
20,921 
23.162 
18.640 
12,920 
12,182 
11,296 
18,409 
21,258 
27,034 
15  951 
25  914 
19.050 
21,160 
21,971 
36.702 
60,720 
12,85s 
13  462 
14,624 
15,621 
29,860 
22,995 
30  279 
lS,8ll 
13  435 
16,633 
25.429 
16,604 
29.505 
17.262 

8.956 
24,002 
13.84s 
23.129 
14,808 
110,438 
55,832 
19.589 
12,904 
16. 555 
60,000 
16.552 
25.248 


I  ^6oi 
18,711 
25.927 
13.626 
25,177    24,178 


32,399 
28,200 
16,305 
21,427 
16,975 
17.955 
18.569 
20,310 
21,274 
19,371 
20,672 
16,570 
17,037 
12,440 
13,401 
27.750 
43.832 
21.68s 
23.058 
15,620 


14,534 

12, 202 
17,907 
18,061 


24.: 

23.772 

14.630 

18,997 

13,548 

15.463 

13.107 

18.828 

19.645 

i8.2S3 
14.864 
15.659 
I5.019 
11.332 
9.309 
26.733 
41.199 
18.894 
20.479 
15.258 
15.643 


19,185 

17.349 

35,089 

35.324 

7,995 

4.328 

56,403 

49.84S 

9,036 

4.274 

29,845 

23.141 

17,754 

15.424 

14.996 

12,871 

18,546 

16,842 

17,820 

15,797 

13.757 

13,21s 

18,729 

17,380 

19,514 

15,319 

13,752 

7,621 

22,794 

19.003 

25,597 

21,356 

18,895 

14,512 

11,182 

12,667 

9,836 

12,327 

10,70s 

19. 544 

18,270 

23615 

22,771 

26  976 

24,943 

17437 

15,184 

24S17 

23,082 

21  954 

20,233 

24979 

22  720 

13,120 

39  719 

37.7IS 

55  392 

45,303 

13516 

11.873 

16,126 

14.563 

13,16s 

8.680 

17.710 

15.977 

34.273 

28805 

24.159 

23,058 

29,991 

25.842 

16,764 

14.548 

14.916 

13.299 

17.980 

l4.5tS 

17.08s 

13,666 

17.803 

15,848 

28.242 

24.504 

16.083 

13,060 

8,72s 

5,574 

24,187 

21,341 

14.354 

9,318 

22,209 

19,568 

IS, 339 

9, 553 

82,624 

65,410 

54,336 

47,430 

19,414 

18,394 

15.325 

13,556 

FARM  PROPERTY 
INCL.  LIVE 
STOCK.  1900 
816,752,286 
14.603,011 
13,412,258 
12,460,080 
14,570,043 
29,450,763 
22,040,815 
19,266,099 
16,354.178 
19,270,021 
18,606,960 
20.198,648 
18,321,804 
19,731.747 
20,333,696 
24,759,037 
18,907,625 
19,235,614 
16,765,916 
10,883,03s 
16,130,252 
21,908,228 
28,690,13s 
23,084,465 
20,475,650 
12,146,644 
13,033.781 
21,524,763 
14,780,463 

8,686,196 
20,941,839 

9,402,004 
23,387,278 
16,733.072 
19,187,673 
17,854.011 
18,638.884 
21,319,200 
16,836,443 
18,910,62s 
15,736,671 
19,201,077 
19,042,960 
16,070,298 
14,267,639 
14,093.994 
15.174.318 
20,648,403 
18,757.563 
27.565.370 
13,983,108 
23,560,668 
21,927,271 
20,290,315 
24,991,541 


14.4: 


:.5S2 


17,639 
51,558 
17,932 
23,337 


43,164 
17,611 
18,370 


28,128,851 
12  727.294 
11,076,330 

15  787,942 

17.423462 
2191325'* 
17  731.510 
222297S1 
16.650,689 

16  139844 
17,419,794 
11,324  559 
17,292073 
16,637,436 
19,178,240 
10,631,868 
21,648,571 
13,169,105 
26,11.6,294 
16,767,09s 
25,806,546 
35,085,925 
22,457,094 
15,196,314 
20,305,695 
22,201,755 
20,521,027 
25,086,258 


$2,869,447 
2,313,077 
2,268,083 
1,762,170 
2,392,791 
3,828,340 
3.040,066 
2,656,793 
2,250,581 
3,115,964 
2,512,688 
2,773,647 
3,047,603 
2,847,862 
3,348,196 


3.261 


97 


2.584.577 
2.2S0.213 
1,509,431 
2,186,381 
3,308,416 
3,782,638 
3,534,097 
3,187,544 
1,779.83s 
1,800,229 
2,951,827 
1,976,447 
1,101  161 
2,961,92s 
1,293,151 
3,256,824 
2,559,415 
2,769,883 
2,457,785 
2,671,872 
2,955,776 
2,794,223 
2,804,782 
2,153,116 
2,915,380 
3,154,940 
2,096,719 
1,901,899 
1,950,523 
2,230,478 
2,037,037 
2,801,011 
4,138,061 
1,818,659 
3,217,733 
3.074,637 
2,983,449 
3.174,004 
l,.S67.520 
3,828,154 
1,871,755 
1,571.589 
2,238.843 
2.6S5.436 
3,090.997 
2,659  330 
3,318.962 
2,450,667 
2,326.906 
2,745.540 
1,452  296 
2,321.883 
2,416,388 
2,614,846 
1,299,984 
3,184,944 
1,954,090 
3,615,604 
2,376,889 
3.556,23s 
5,330,116 
3,249,660 
2,229,624 
2.936.298 
2,961,750 
3,245,566 
3,454.171 


8236,923 

330.404 

682,479 

447,415 

386,073 

983,903 

4.071. 821 

I. 194. 270 

929.293 

959.277 

460.623 

796,660 

509,407 

543.486 

817,079 

543.252 

899.879 

311.632 

912,868 

151,847 

340,449 

1,514,540 

7.265.252 

3S7.232 

S10.968 

208,037 

212,368 

1,085,520 

6,145.776 

296,062 

11,614,240 

242.376 

1,720,214 

666,717 

273.293 

351.889 

3S8.63S 

450.816 


271.210 

1.060,422 
89S.661 
414,966 
681,037 
423,798 
463,228 
368,795 
971. 117 
990.950 
549.829 

1,675,860 

1.120,538 
583,69s 
606,940 

5,907.571 
13.632,423 
298,390 
377,501 
446,012 
258,364 

1,198,227 
460,551 

5,086,205 
305.628 
661,201 
188,098 
278,737 
658,017 

6,038.828 
686,414 
121,024 
812,979 
675,673 

1,223,241 

300,711 

10,856,986 

3.029.528 

1.192.863 
169,49s 
509,404 
11,720,441 
280,954 
778,244 


POPU- 

COUNTY    SEAT  LATION. 

1910 

Greenfield 1.379 

Coming 1,70a 

Waukon 2,025 

Centerville 6.936 

Audubon 1.928 

Vinton 3.336 

Waterloo 26.693 

Boone 10.347 

Waverly 3.205 

Independence....  3,517 

Storm  Lake 2,428 

Allison 495 

Rockwell  City.,..  1,528 

Carroll 3-546 

Atlantic 4.560 

Tipton 2,048 

Mason  City 11.230 

Cherokee 4.884 

New  Hampton. , .  2,27s 

Osceola 2.416 

Spencer 3.005 

Elkader 1.181 

Clinton 25.577 

Denison 3.133 

Adel 1,289 

Bloom6eld 2.028 

Leon 1.991 

Manchester     ...  2,758 

Burlington 24,324 

Spirit  Lake     .  . ,  1,162 

Dubuque 38,494 

Estherv'iile  ,     ...  3.404 

West  Union 1.652 

Charles  City 5.S92 

Hampton 2.617 

Sidney 1.019 

Jefferson 2.477 

Grundy  Center. .  .  1.354 

Guthrie  Center, .  .  1.337 

Webster  City 5.208 

Gamer 1.028 

Eldora 1.995 

Logan 1.453 

Mount  Pleasant    ,  3,874 

Cresco 2,658 

Dakota 391 

Ida  Grove 1.874 

Marengo 1.786 

Maquokela 3.570 

Newton 4.616 

Fairfield 4.970 

Iowa  City 10,091 

Anamosa 2,983 

Sigoumey 2,032 

Algona 2,908 

Fort  Madison.  .  ,  .  8,900 

Marion 4,400 

Wapello 1.326 

Chariton 3.794 

Rock  Rapids 2,005 

Winterset 2,818 

Oskaloosa 9,466 

Knoxville 3.190 

Marshalltown.  .  ,  .  13,374 

Glenwood 4,052 

Osage 2,445 

Onawa 2,026 

Albia 4,969 

Red  Oak 4,830 

Muscatine 16,178 

Primghar 733 

Sibley 1,330 

Clarinda 3.832 

Emmetsburg 2,325 

Le  Mars 4.157 

Pocahontas 987 

Des  Moines 86.368 

Council  Bluffs 29,292 

Montezuma 1,172 

Mount  Ayr i  ,646 

Sac  City 2,201 

Davenport 43,028 

Harlan 2,570 

Orange  City 1.374 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  IOWA 


Statistics  of  the  State  of  Iowa  by  Counties,  Federal  Census  1900  and  igio— Continued. 


COUNTY 

Story 

Tama 

Taylor 

Union 

Van  Buren.  .  .  .  . 

Wapello 

Warren 

Washington 

Wayne 

Webster 

Winnebago 

Winneshiek 

Woodbury 

Worth 

Wright 


1851 
1836 
lS4.i 
1S46 
183S 
1S46 
1851 
1851 
1847 
i8st 
1851 


576 
576 
528 
720 
398 
671 
864 
398 
576 


24,083 
22,136 
16,312 
16.616 
1S.020 
37.743 
J8.194 
10,92s 


67.616 
9,9SO 
17.951 


23,159 

24.585 
18,784 
19,928 
17.354 
35,426 
20,376 
20,718 


23,731 
54.610 
:o.887 


21,651 
16,384 
16  900 
16,253 
30.426 
18.269 
18.468 
15.670 
21,582 
7,32s 

22.528 
55.632 
9.247 


FARM  PROPERTY 
INCL.  LIVE 
STOCK. I90Q 
$21,925,924 
26,377.951 
17,144.601 
13.128,901 
12.806.451 
13,793.252 
17.973.535 
21.561.130 
14,912,776 
21,694,388 
10,702,916 
21,587,626 
23.739.287 

l8!405!6o8 


PRODUCTS, 


2.528.801 
1.967,490 
1,856,524 
1.817,884 
2,675,808 
2.095,344 
1, 850.502 
2,760,576 
1,450,066 
3,225,513 


S666,5S2 
662,929 
376, :S3 
879.288 
717.314 

9.281.773 
384.588 
660.501 
310,707 

1,813,400 
589,652 

1,177.067 

[S.,Soi,i89 

353.300 

621,568 


COUNTY     SEAT  LATIOM. 
lOIO 

Nevada 2,138 

Toledo 1,525 

Bedford i,88j 

Creston 6,924 

Keosauqua i  ,009 

Ottumwa 22,012 

Indianola 3,285 

Washington 4,380 

Corydon i,66(> 

Fort  Dodge iS,54J 

Forest  City 1,691 

Decorah 3,592 

.Sioux  Citv 47.828 

Northwu<Kl 1 ,264 

Clarion 2.065 


Native  to  state _ 

Jllinois^ 

Ohio 

JV>w  York 

Pai/nsyhiania 

JBndiajta , — 

VPtsconsht 

Mhsouri. 

All  other  states^ 


■6J)./ 


Fig.  5y.    Profjortion  of  natiTC 
born   population    in   Iowa 
from  each  leading  state 
in  the   Union,  cen- 
sus of  igoo. 


State  or  Country  of  Birth  of 
of  Iowa,  State 


the  Population  of  the  State 
Census  1905. 


Iowa 

Illinois  . . . . 

Ohio    

Pennsylvan 
New  York  . 
Indiana  . .  . 
Wisconsin  . 
Missouri . .  . 
Nebraska. . 
Minnesota 
Ka 


Michigan 

Virginia 

South  Dakota.  .  . 

Kentucky 

Vermont 

Massachusetts.  . . 

Tennessee 

West  Virginia    .  . 

Maryland 

All  Other  St,ites. 


COUNTRY 

Geniiany  . . . 

Sweden 

Norway 

Ireland 

England.  .  .  . 
Denmark    . . 

Canada 

Holland  . . .  . 
Bohemia.... 
Scotland. . .  . 

Austria 

Switzerland . 

Wales 

Russia 

Italy 

France  

Hungary  .  . . 


Chii 

Other  European  Countries 
Other  Asiatic  Countries 
Other  Countries 


Population  of  Iowa  at  Each  Federal  Census. 


YEAR 


185^ 
186, 
187^ 

l88< 
l89' 


INCREASE 


430,595 
287.281 
319,572 
7,082* 


:  ,624,615 

r!23l!853 
1,224,771 


DENSITY 

PER 
SQ.   MILE 


T'er  cent 

Total  foputation  _ 

Amtrican  born 

Sorn  in  Iowa 

Foreign  born 


'! 

5» 

7J 

_ 

3.S  ! 

Fig.  60.    Proportion  of  natiz'e  to  foreign  born 
population,  stale  of  Iowa,  census  of  IQO^. 


Per  eent 
Total  foreign  born  _ . 


Germany 

England,  Walei, 
Scotland . 


Sweden 

Ireland 

Nor-way 

Canada  

All  other  countries.^. 


SO 


IS 


Fic.  f)  I .   Proportion  of  foreign 

born  population  of  each 

leading  nationality 

in  Iowa,  census 

of  1900. 


Population  of  Leading  Cities  and  Towns  at  each  Federal 
Census  from  1850  to  1910. 


Des  Moines  . . . 
Sioux  City.... 
Davenport. . . . 

Dubuque 

Cedar  Rapids  . 
Council  Bluffs. 

Waterloo 

Clinton 

Burlington. . . . 

Ottumwa 

Muscatine  .... 
Fort  Dodge.  . . 

Keokuk  

Marshalltown  . 
Mason  City  . . . 


Iowa  City  . .  . . 

Oskaloosa 

Fort  Madistjn 
Centerville. . . . 

Creston 

Ochvein 

Charles  City  . . 
Webster  City. 

Grinnell 

Cedar  FaU.s. . . 
Shenandoah . . 

Fairfield 

Albia 

Cherokee 

Red  Oak  

Perry 

Newton 

AtL-intic 

Marion 

Washington  .  . 

Ames 

I>e  Mars 

Olenwood 

Moimt  Plcasar 

flarinda 

Chariton 

Decorah 

Maquoketa  . .  . 

Carroll 

Independence, 


4.069 
4.SS4 
4,830 
4,630 
4,616 


62,139 
33.111 
J5,254 
36,297 
25,656 
25,802 
12,580 
22,608 
23,201 
18,197 


6.746 
8,8So 
7.0S7 
9.212 
9,27s 
5,256 
7.752 
5. 142 
4.227 
4.'il3 
3,860 
5,319 
3,573 
4,6^*9 
2,889 
3,86s 
4,355 
3,086 
3, "82 
5,046 


jo.oo.s 
57.806 
!6.872 


!1.474 
6.674 
13,610 
12.565 


6.558 
7.901 
3,668 


2,359 
3,44" 

3, .121 
2,S.So 


:8.o&3 
5.630 
9,052 
0.4SO 


6.240 
2.S10 
3.330 
7,123 
4.S08 
4,679 
2,475 
5,081 
397 


1,387 
3,086 
2,435 
1,523 
3,755 
052 
2,607 
3.662 
1.930 
2.040 
1. 153 
1. 80  5 


4,41 


3.401 
!0.038 
18.434 

5,940 


6,718 
3,09s 
12,766 


4,24,' 


1,728 

1,756 

384 

2,945 


i860 


3.965 

1V.267 
13.000 
1.830 


6.706 
1.632 
5.324 

8,i36 


5,214 

'2.886 
820 


1.540 
i'.478 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  O?  IOWA 


Population  of  Leading  Cities  and  Towns — Continued. 


Esther\-illc 

Eaglegrove 

Vinton 

Indianola 

Waverly 

Knoxviile 

Missouri  Valley  . 

Denison 

Belle  Plaine 

PeUa 

Spencer 

Anamosa 

Sheldon 

Algona 

Winterset 

Iowa  Falls 

Manchester 

Mystic 

Cresco 

Hampton 

Valley  Junction  . 

Harlan 

Colfax 

Jefferson 

Osage 

Storm  Lake 

Osceola 

Emmetsburg . .  . . 

Tama 

Seymour    

New  Hamptiin  . . 

Sac  City 

Nevada 

Ha  warden 

Clarion 

Tipton 

Lake  City 

Monticello 

Villisca 

Sigoumey 

Bloomfield 

Onawa 

Waukon 

Eldon 

Clear  Lake 

Rock  Rapids. . . . 


3.404 
3.3S7 


2.9S3 
2.041 
2,008 
2,Sl8 
2.797 
2.758 
2.663 
2,658 
2.617 
2.573 
2.57° 
2.524 
2.477 
2.445 
2,428 
2.416 
2.32s 

2,20° 


2.840 

2.S87 
1.75S 
2,So6 
2.727 


2.0S3 
2.601 
2.734 
2.1 6y 
2.50s 
2.361 
2,649 
1.703 
2.339 
2.079 
2.472 


1.584 
I.741 
1,05s 
1. 314 


744 
744 
1.509 
1. 160 
1.03S 
1.744 
1.523 
1 .013 
1.35S 
1,610 
1.725 


Manufacture 
Profcsswtial 


Fic.  63,     Proportion  of 
persons  engaged  in 
cacli  class  of  occu- 
pations in  Iowa, 
census  of 

IQOO. 


Leading  Manufactures  of  the  State  of  Iowa,  State 
Census  1905. 


Slaughtering  and  meat  pacK- 
ing  (wholesale) 

Butter 

Flour  and  grist  mill  products 

Printing  and  publishing.  . .  . 

Book  and  job 

Newspapers,  periodicals.  . 

Car  and  shop  construction  by 
steam  railroad  companies 

Food  preparations 

Planing-mill  products 

Lumber  and  timber  product: 

Foundry  and  machine-shop 
products 

Bread  and  bakery  products 

Brick  and  tile 

Cigars  and  cigarets 

Carriages  and  wagons 

Canning  and  preserying 
fruits  and  vegetables  .  . 

Malt  liquors 

Clothing,  men's 

Gas,  illuminating  and  heat- 
ing  

Patent  medicines  and  com- 
pounds   

Furniture 

Tinware 

Coffee,  roasting  and  grinding 

Confectionery 

Butter,  reworking 


NU.M- 

.SLMBER 

AMOUNT 

VALUE 

BER   OF 

WAGE 

OF  WAGES 

OF 

PLANTS 

EARNERS 

PAID 

PRODUCTS 

13 

3.055 

Sl,302,l9, 

$29,714,737 

608 

1. 122 

668,289 

14,766,067 

276 

770 

390, loS 

12,009,403 

1,096 

4.206 

1,978,109 

8,290,910 

135 

848 

410,814 

1.632,151 

961 

3.358 

1.567.295 

6,658,750 

40 

6.372 

3.859.893 

7.618,721 

21 

977 

337.242 

6.934,724 

79 

2,582 

1.240,216 

5.700,209 

40 

1.935 

946,865 

5,610,772 

182 

2,612 

1.368,413 

5.103,676 

36s 

1,060 

50o,4ig 

3.610,967 

202 

2.632 

. ,241,596 

3,361,776 

440 

2,040 

838,699 

3.187.522 

97 

1. 103 

528,016 

2.974.043 

40 

1. 163 

292.512 

2,770.804 

10 

427 

260.580 

2.386,266 

iS 

1,176 

335.494 

I.9I9.557 

61 

46S 

253.952 

I. 835. 20s 

55 

231 

80,228 

1.803,977 

35 

370,217 

1.677.045 

3 

416 

158,180 

1,526,041 

8 

,'2 

42,155 

1.458,957 

24 

688 

186,942 

1.435.406 

0 

78 

45.422 

1.4.!^. S26 

The  Principal  Manufacturing  Cities  of  Iowa  and  Facts  about  their  Industrial  Plants,  Federal  Census  igoo, 
State  Census  1905. 


NUMBER 
OF  ESTAB- 
LISHMENTS 


PER  C 

iNT 

OF    1 

CREASE 

*, 

5 

*12 

8 

5° 

6 

•4 

° 

ii 

5 

*3 

1 

•■.! 

8 

NUMBER    OF 

PER  C 

ENT 

WAGE 

OP   IN- 

EARNERS 

CREASE 

40,482 

44.106 

2,014 
2.0S4 

3,260 

2.374 

41 
37 

0 

.i 

2.153 
2.502 

*I3 

9 

788 
3.839 
3.403 

26 

9 
8 

4.155 
3..:70 

19 

4 

4.-74 
4,'^-8 

*8 

2 

2.;og 
2..:63 

*6 

7 

PRODUCTS 


PER  CENT 
OF   IN- 
CREASE 


The  State 

Burlington  . . . 
Cedar  Rapids. 

Clinton 

Council  Blufls 
Davenport  . . . 
Des  Moines .  .  . 
Dubuque  . .  .  . 
Sioux  City  . .  . 


1905 

1905 
1900 
1905 
1000 
lOOS 

1005 
1900 
1005 

lOOS 


4.788 
4.859 


$22,907,773 

17,926,874 

1,417,628 

784,661 

1,464,822 

986,079 

1,043,909 

958,114 

529,994 

386,540 

1,755.823 

1.457. 163 

2,083,209 

1,474,071 

1,913.455 

'.675.413 

1,263,076 

1,169,079 


160,604,161 
132,911,097 
5,779.337 
4,450,380 
16,279,706 
11,135,43s 
4,906,355 
6,203,316 
1,924,109 
1,692,336 
13,695.078 
9.872,327 
15.084.958 
8,466^495 
9,279,414 
9,651,247 
16,760,751 
14,227,068 


*  Decrease. 


2J 

SO              7S             '°o             '2J            'SO            '-S 

II                 1                 1             .1                  [ 

1           1          {           <           1           1           1 

1 
1 

1 

industries  as  shoii'n  by  value  of 
products  at  each  Federal  cen- 
sus in  millions  of  dollars. 

The  Value  of  Iowa-  Mineral  Products,  1897  to  1904. 


VEAR 

COAL                 CLAV 

STONE 

GYPSUM 

LEAD 
ZINC 

IRON 

1004 

1003 

1902 

I90I 

1900 

1S99 

1898 

1897 

C.IO.439,496 
10.439,139 
8,058,770 
8,051,806 
6,977,466 
6,137.576 
5.123.187 
5.098. lOJ 

S3. 507. 576 
3.033. 5S3 
2.843.591 
2.774.200 
2.395.488 
2.203.728 
2,057.022 
1,591  866 

S542.170 
597.065 
673.361 
704. 27S 
6o4.S,S(i 
809,924 
563.586 
S87144 

S460.432 
523.008 
337.735 
562,500 

600,000 

1 05.000 

S    2,619 
3.013 
11.178 
16.500 
22,104 
50,542 
43.784 
5.616 

$4,876 
2.139 
3.46s 

250 

THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  IOWA 


„FiG.  64.   Annual 
value  of  all  min- 
eral products  for 
eight    years, 
1897-1904. 


Value  of  Live  Stock  Owned  in  Iowa,  Rank  of  State,  and 
Leading  County,  Federal  Census  1900. 


All  domestic  animal: 

Cattle 

Horses 

Hogs 

Sheep 

Mules 

Bees 

Goats 

Chickens 

Turkeys 

Ducks 

Geese 


LIVE    STOCK 


$271,844,034 
142,518.902 
77.720,577 
43.764.176 

3,QS6,I42 

3.586,761 

443.92,5 

146,708 

9.491.819 


Pottawattamie 

Pottawattamie 

Pottawattamie 

Pot  tawattamie 

Van  Buien 

Fremont 

Pottawattamie 

Madison 

Pottawattamie 

Kossuth 

Hardin 

Lyon 


The  Annual  Coal  Production  of  Iowa,  by  Counties  (in  Short  Tons'),  1898-1904. 


Adams 

Appan<Jose 

Boone 

Dallas 

Davis 

Greene 

Jasper 

Tefferson 

Keokuk 

Lucas  

Mahaska 

Marion 

Monroe 

Page 

Polk 

Scott 

Taylor 

Van  Buren 

Wapello 

Warren 

Wayne 

Webster 

Other  counties  and  small  mines 


608,165 

331. S43 

7,907 


635,606 

"6,555 
6,600 

249,624 
7,120 
51.550 

137.548 

157.366 


314,900 
32.419 
.273,473 
231,668 
689,004 

749. 70S 


0 

96s 

385 

32s 

34 
67 

029 

815 
StS 

124 

171 

841 
20S 

680,094 

266,542 
16,737 


258,933 
227,921 
142.017 
186.446 

755.2S6 

827'.482 


17. ISO 
12,108 
276,360 
24.724 
65,140 

I  2  1, 660 
205.338 


721,997 
254.054 
16,987 

18,810 
184,670 

',578 
'.'789 


19.751 
900,337 
254.324 

18.845 

3.953 
11.573 
233.440 
10.610 
106,103 
246,400 
723.567 
31S.425 
1.406,905 


65.374 

149.61  5 

4.344 


698,1 
324,! 
.768,< 


),8o4 

1,844 
:,875 

:.SS4 


12.650 
872,720 
285.157 

13.086 

543 

28,213 

257.348 

9.810 

44.512 

189.89s 

663,943 

327,518 

!,o6i,877 

18.302 

,130,668 

10,723 

16,273 

8,005 

302,355 

11,490 

98,879 

134.53S 


Counties  Shipping  More  Than  1,000,000  Pounds  (Net) 

of  Butter  in  the  Years  Ending  September  30, 

1904  and  1905. 


Woodbury. . 

Polk 

Clayton 

Bremer 

Dubuque  . .  . 
Delaware  . . , 

Lee 

Page 

Fayette  ... 

feasaw:: 

Butler 

Kossuth  ... 

Carroll 

Winneshiek  . 
Buchanan  .  . 

Mitchell 

Linn 

Hardin  . .  . .  , 

Sioux 

Jackson  .  . .  . 
Hamilton .  .  , 
Cerro  Gordo 
Black  Hawk 

Adair 

Audubon  . . . 

Union 

Allamakee . . 
Palo  Alto . .  . 
Calhoun  .  . . . 
Howard  .  .  .  . 
Grundy  . . . . 
Buena  Vista 
Crawford  .  .  . 


.378.214 

8,073,201 

.271.42s 

S.827.811 

.693.436 

3.149,763 

,109,607 

2.795,237 

.276.778 

2.569.853 

,021,238 

2,474,109 

.503.339 

2,404,326 

60S.4I7 

2,399.885 

,022,812 

2.365.684 

,850,641 

2,286,316 

,922.304 

2,146,074 

,579.732 

1.954.725 

.556,977 

1,929,40s 

,272,854 

1,926,932 

,622,369 

1,919.209 

,810,479 

1.823.524 

,180,633 

1.784,298 

,366,299 

1,695,892 

,381.490 

.,631,311 

,003.287 

1,569,576 

.399.736 

1,543.515 

.158.909 

1,470,030 

820.550 

1,393. 3SS 

,086,418 

I.338.071 

647.744 

1,331.358 

899.438 

1.327.357 

488,402 

1.30 1.7  5  3 

,227,289 

1.293.597 

,033,902 

1,084,465 

.015. 375 

1,070,783 

,007,981 

I.049.9S5 

619.833 

1,008.893 

843.712 

1,006,203 

895.137 

1,004.439 

Value  of  Agricultural  Products  of  Iowa,  Relative  Rank 

of  State  in  Production,  and  Leading  County, 

Federal  Census  1900. 


CROPS 


All  crops 

All  cereals 

All  vegetables 

All  fruits 

Com 

Oats 

Hay  and  forage 

Dairy  products 

Wheat 

Eggs 

Barley 

Potatoes 

Orchard  products. .  .  . 

Flaxseed 

Clover  and  other  grass 

Small  fruits 

Nursery  products.  .  .  . 

Rye 

Honey  and  wax 

Onions 

Grapes  and  products . 


ALUE  OF  CROPS 


S192.286.098 
147.919.076 
7.508,856 
2,894,574 
97.297.707 
33.254.987 
30,042,246 
27,516,870 
11,457,808 
10,016,707 
S.342.363 
3,870,746 
1,849,767 

1,215,764 
878,447 
619,092 
480.817 


Pottawattamie 

Cerro  Gordo 

Kossuth 

Delaware 

Sioux 

Pottawattamie 

Lyon 

Jasper 

Pottawattamie 

Mitchell 

Wayne 

Polk 

Page 

Clayton 

Pottawattamie 

Scott 

Pottawattamie 


Jtfoo. 

'S7Q... 


Fig.  65.     Groivth  oj  the  coat  iiulustry 

as  shown  by  production  a  cry  tenth 

year  from  i860  to  igoo  in 

millions  of  tons. 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  IOWA 


The  State  and  Territorial  Governors  of 
Iowa  from  1838  to  1906. 

TERRITORIAL  TERM 

Robert  Lucas 1S38-1841 

John  Chambers 1841-1845 

James  Clarke 1845-1846 

STATE 

Ansel  BrigRs 

Stephen  Hempstead. . 
James  W.  Grimes. . .  - 

Ralph  P.  Lowe 

Samuel  J.  Kirkwood. 

William  M.  Stone 

Samuel  Merrill 

Cyrus  C.Carpenter.  . 
Samuel  .       " 
Joshu 

Governor) 

John  H.  Gear 

Buren  R.  Sherman. . 
William  Larrabee. . . 

Horace  Boies 

Frank  D.  Jackson.  . 
Francis  M.  Drake. . . 

Leslie  M.  Shaw 

Albert  B.  Cummins. 


S46- 

iSso 

X^o- 

lX,4 

XS4- 

I  Six 

X^X- 

TXho 

X60- 

1X64 

X64- 

lX6» 

XhX- 

1872 

X72- 

1876 

876-1877 

S77- 

1S7S 

S7X- 

1882 

1890- 


8-190 


Events  in  the  Early  Annals  of  Iowa. 

1673 — Region  discovered    by    Marquette   and 

Joliet,  claimed  by  France. 
i6So — Hennepin   traversed    Mississippi    River 

along  entire  eastern  boundary. 
1702 — Le  Sueur  traversed  Mississippi   River  along  entire  eastern 

boundary. 
1762 — Region  ceded  to  Spain  by  France. 
1766 — Visited  by  Jonathan  Car\'er  of  Connecticut,  first  American 

to  \"isit  region. 
1770 — Beginning  of  Spanish  rule. 
17S8 — Arrival  of  Julien  Dubuque,  first  white  settler. 
1795 — Land   grant   issued   by  Spanish   Governor  of    Louisiana   to 

Basil  Giard;  second  settlement. 
1796 — Land  grant  issued  by  Governor  to  Julien  Dubuque,  "Mines 

of  Spain." 
1799 — Land  grant  issued  by  Governor  to   Louis   Honore  Tesson; 

third  settlement. 
jSoi — Region  receded  to  France  by  Spain. 

1803 — Louisiana  Territory  purchased  by  United  States  from  France. 
1804 — Lewis  and  Clark  expedition;   Missouri  River  explored;  first 

cession  of  Indian  lands  to  U.  S.  Government. 
1805 — Pike's  expedition,  explored  Mississippi  to  its  source. 
1S08 — Fort  Madison  erected  by  Lieut.  Alpha  Kingsley,  named  for 

president;  Johnson's  trading  post  set  up  at  site  of  Burlington. 


Fig.  66.     A  map  showing  the  earliest  explorations  and  settlements  in  Iowa. 


Fig.  67.     A  map  showing  accessions  of  territory  from  Indians. 


815 — Treaties  of  Peace  concluded  with  Sac.  Fox,  and  Sioux  Indians. 
816 — Fort  Armstrong  erected  by  General  Smith. 
S19 — First  steamboat  ascended  river  to  Council  Bluffs. 
S20 — Cabin  built  on  site  of  Keokuk  by  Dr.  Samuel  C.  Muir. 
S24 — Trading  post  established  by  Peter  Sarpy  on  Missouri;  Half- 
breed  tract  set  aside  by  treaty. 
825 — Boundary  Unes  established  between  possessions  of  Sac,  Fox, 

and  Sioux  Indians. 
830 — First  school  established  (Berr>'man  Jennings,  teacher);  first 

white  child  bom  in  Iowa  (Eleanor  Galland). 
832— Black  Hawk  war. 

S33 — "Black  Hawk  Purchase,"  ceded  by  treaty  at  Davenport. 
S34 — Church  built  at  Dubuque  (Methodist)  fi.rst  in  territory;  Fort 
Des   Moines   (first)   erected;    Half-breed    Reservation   sold    to 
United  States. 
835 — Captain  Nathan  Boone's  fight  with  Indians. 
536 — Wisconsin  Territorial  Legislature   held  at  Burlington;    first 
newspaper  in  state,  "Dubuque  Visitor,''  published  at  Dubuque, 
by  John  King;  first  published  description  of  the  "Iowa  District." 
[837 — Charter  granted  first  bank — the  "  Miners*  Bank  of  Dubuque." 
1838 — lowans  adopt   popular  name   "Hawk- 
eyes"  at  suggestion  of  James  E.  Edwards, 
editor    "Fort    Madison    Patriot";    Block- 
house erected  at  Council  Bluffs;  Territory 
of  Wisconsin  divided  and  territorial  gov- 
ernment of  Iowa  established. 
1840 — Fort  Atkinson  erected. 
1841 — Tenitorial  government  established  at 

Iowa  City. 
1843 — Fort  Des  Moines  (second)  erected. 
1844 — First  constitutional  convention  held. 
1S46 — Iowa  admitted  as  a  state;  first  constitu- 
tion adopted,  and  first  Governor  inaugur- 
ated; Mormon  settlements. 
1S47 — First    state    census    taken,    population 
116,454;  provision  made  for  State  Univer- 
sity at  Iowa  City. 
1849 — Great  exodus  to  California. 
1850 — Fort  Dodge  erected. 
1852 — Last  of  Mormons  emigrated  to  Utah. 
1856 — First    railroad    completed;    U.  S.  land 
grant  for  building  railroad  across  the  state. 
1S57 — Capital  removed  to  Des  Moines;  present 
constitution  adopted;  Indian  massacre  at 
Okoboji  and  Spirit  lakes. 
1860-65 — Iowa  furnished  80,000  volunteers  in 
the  Civil  War. 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  IOWA 


trading 


Derivation  of  Some  Iowa  Geograph- 
ical Names. 

Based    largely    on    Bulletin    Xo.    2S^\    Scries 

F,  Geography  45,   United  States 

Geological  Survey. 

Audubon — County.    Named  for  the  celebrated 

ornithologist,  John  James  Audubon. 
Black  Hawk — County.    Named  for  the  famous 

Indian  Warrior. 
Bremer — County.      Named      for      Frederlka 

Bremer,    the     Swedish    authoress,    who 

spent  some  time  in  that  region  in  1S50. 
Buena  Vista — County.     Named  in  honor  of 

General    Taylor's    great    victory   in    the 

Mexican    war;    also,    probably,    because 

the  words  mean  "beautiful  view." 
Burlington — Named   from    the    city   in   Ver- 
mont. 
Cedar  Rapids — Named  from  rapids  on  Cedar 

River. 
Cerro  Gordo — County.     Named  from  Mexican 

battlefield.  Words  mean  "large  (around) 

hill." 
Cherokee — Named  for  an  Indian  tribe.    Mean- 
ing uncertain. 
Clinton — Named    for    De    Witt    Clinton,   the 

great  "Canal  Governor"  of  New  York. 
Cotmcil  Bluffs — So  called  from  a  council  held 

near  there  by  Lewis  and  Clark  with  the 

Indians. 
Davenport — Named   for   Col.  George   Daven- 
port, who  explored  Cedar  River,  in  1S31, 

to  a  point  above  Rock  Creek,  where  he  established 

post. 
Decorah — Named  for  Winnebago  chief  Dehere,   meaning  "spoon.  * 

One  authority  gives  spelling  as  Decorie. 
Des  Moines — Name  thought  to  have  been  derived  from  Indian  word 

mikonang.  meaning  "road";  applied  by  Indians  in  form  of  moin- 

gona;  contracted  to  mains  by  French,  who  called  river  Riviere 

des  Mains.     Becoming  associated  with  the  Trappist  monks,  was 

incorrectly   named  La  Riviere  des  Moines  "the  river  of  the 

monks." 
De  Soto — Named  for  Hernando  de  Soto,  the 

discoverer  of  the  Mississippi  River. 
Dubuque — Named   for  French  trader,  Julien 

Dubuque,  who  founded  a  colony  at  that 

point  in  17SS,  calling  it  the  "Mines  of 

Spain,"    and   who    maintained    there    a 

flourishing  colony  till  his  death  in  18 10, 
Epworth — Named  from  town  in  Lincolnshire, 

England,    the    home   of    the   celebrated 

Wesley  family. 
Farragut — Named  for  Admiral  Farragut. 
Floyd — County.     Named  for  Sergeant  Charles 

Floyd,  a  member  of  the  Lewis  and  Clark 

exploring  party  in    1804.      Dying  while 

party  was  in  Iowa,  was  the  first  white 

man  buried  in  the  state.     A  monument 

to  his  memory  and  in  honor  of  the  Lewis 

and    Clark    expedition,  was    erected    at 

Floyd's  Bluff,  near  Sioux  City,  in  1901. 
Ft.  Dodge — Named  for  General  Henry  Dodge, 

governor  of  Wisconsin  Territory,  and  l^ater 

United  States  Senator  from  Wisconsin. 
Fort   Madison — Named    for  James    Madison, 

fourth  President  of  the  United  States. 
Grinnell — Named  for  Hon.  W.  H.  Grinnell. 
Guttenberg — Named  for  inventor  of  printing; 

place  first  called   'Prairie  la  Porte." 
Hawkeye — Named  for  Indian  chief. 
Iowa — Named    from    tribe   of   Indians,   first 

heard  of   in    1690   in  vicinity  of   Great 

Lakes;  later  occupied  lower  valley  of  the 


Iowa  River — long  called  the  Ayouas  by 
the  French.  Name  chan^jed  to  loway  in 
later  years;  y  finally  dropped;  was  first 
applied  to  a  civil  organization  in  i8,^6 
by  Lieut.  Albert  M.  Lea.  The  meaning 
of  the  word  Iowa  is  said  to  be  "this  is 
the  place." 

Jesup — Named  for  Morris  K.  Jesup  of  New 
York. 

Kamrar — Named  for  Senator  Kamrar. 

Keokuk — Named  for  the  Indian  chief  Keo- 
kuk, head  of  the  Sac  tribes  and  the  hated 
rival  of  Black  Hawk.  Name  means  "the 
watchful  dog.'' 

Keota — An  Indian  word  meaning  either  "gone 
to  visit,''  or  "the  fire  is  gone  out.' 

Kossuth — County  Named  for  Louis  Kossuth^ 
the  Hungarian  patriot. 

McGregor — Named  for  an  early  citizen,  Alex- 
ander McGregor,  and  notable  as  the  place 
chosen  by  Lieut.  Zebulon  M.  Pike  in  1805 
for  a  military  post,  and  long  known  as 
Pike's  Hill.  Its  site  was  also  included  in 
the  Giard  grant. 

Mahaska — County.  Named  for  chief  of  the 
lowas. 

Marshalltown — Named  for  Chief  Justice  John 


Fig.  6S.  Black  Hawk,  a  famous  chief 

of  the  Sacs  and  Foxes,  born  in 

Kaskaskia,  III.,  iy66,  died 

in  Iowa,  iSjS. 


M:> 


:dl. 


Fig.   69.      General   Zebulon   Aloni- 
gomery  Pike,  soldier  and  explorer, 
widely  known  as  the  discoverer 
of  Pikes  Peak. 


Muscatine— Named  for  the  Indian  tribe,  the 
Mascoutines.       Name    probably   derived 
from  Algonquin  word  Mascoutenck, mean- 
ing "prairie,''  hence  "prairie  dwellers." 
Odebolt — Town  in  Sac  County.    Corrupted  from  Odebeau,  the  name 
of  a  French  trapper,  who  lived  alone  on  the  banks  of  the  creek 
flowing  through  the  town. 
Orange  City — Town  in  Sioux  County,  center  of  large  settlement  of 

Hollanders.     Named  for  William  IV,  Prince  of  Orange 
Osage — Township  and  city  in  Mitchell  County.     Named  for  Orrin 

Osage. 
Osceola — County.      Named    either    directly    or    indirectly    for    the 
Seminole  Indian  chief.     The  name  refers  to  a  medicine  drink 
used  by  the  tribes  in  certain  ceremonies. 

Oskaloosa — Named  for  the  -wife  of  the  Indian 
chief  Mahaska 

Ottumwa — An  Indian  word  said  to  mean 
"place  of  the  lone  chief,'"  but  more  prob- 
ably meaning  "rapids"  or  "tumbling 
water." 

Owassa — Derived  from  "owassc,"  the  Indian 
word  for  "bear.** 

Page — County.  Named  for  Colonel  Page  of 
Palo  Alto  fame. 

Palo  Alto — CounVy.  Named  from  the  famous 
battlefield  in  Texas. 

Pella — Town  colonized  by  Dutch  settlers,  to 
whom  the  word  meant  "city  of  refuge.'* 

Peosyta — Village  in  Dubuque  County.  An 
Indian  word  meaning  "gorge  in  the 
rocks." 

Pottawattamie — County.  Named  for  the  In- 
dian tribe.  Word  means  "makers  of 
fire,"  and  was  used  to  signify  that  this 
tribe  assumed  separate  sovereignty  by 
building  a  council  fire  themselves. 

Poweshiek — County.  Named  for  a  chief  of 
the  Fox  tribe.  Name  signified  "Roused 
Bear." 

Primghar — Town  in  O'Brien  County.  Named 
liy  combining  the  initials  of  the  persons 
present  at  the  laying  of  the  comer  stone. 

Redfield— Named  for  Colonel  Redficld. 

Red  Oak — So  named  from  a  near-by  grove  of 
trees  of  this  species. 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  IOWA 


Ringgold — County.    Xamed  for  Major  Samuel 

RinK^;old,  officer  of  the  Mexican  war. 
Rippey — Town  in  Greene  County,  named  for 

Captain  C.  M,  Rippey,  an  old  settler. 
Sac  City — Named  for  an  Indian  tribe.     Word 

refers   to    "yellow   earth,"   proper   fomi 

beinj:  "Osaukee." 
Scott — County.     Named  for  General  Winfield 

Scott. 
Shenandoah — An  Indian  word  said  to  mean 

Sigourney — Named  for  the  poetess,  Mrs.  Lydia 
II.  Si-oumey. 

Siotix  City — So  named  from  the  Dakota  or 
Sioux  Indians  of  Dakota  and  Minne- 
sota, the  largest  tribe  in  the  United 
States.  "Word  an  abbreviation  of  their 
Ojibwayname,  signifying  "little  snakes.' 


Skunk — River  in  Iowa.  A  translation  of  the 
Indian  name  "checauqua.*' 

Spirit  Lake — Indian  name  was  Minne-Me- 
coche-Waukon,  "Lake  of  the  Spirits." 
from  the  tradition  that  there  were  demons 
on  an  island  in  the  lake  that  destroyed 
all  who  ventured  first  upon  its  waters. 

Steamboat  Rock — So  named  because  there  is 
a  large  rock  in  the  river  near  the  town 
which  resembles  a  steamboat  in  form. 

Stuart — Named  for  Captain  Charles  Stuart  of 
Vermont. 

Tama — County.  Named  for  Fox  chief, Taimah, 
"the  man  who  makes  the  rocks  tremble." 


Fig.  70.     Jonathan  Carver,  traveler 
and  writer.     First  American  to 
visit  Iowa.     Born  in  Still- 
water, Conn,,  i/'32,  died 
in  England,  lySo. 


Titonka — Village  in  Kossuth  County.  A 
Siiiux  Indian  word  meaning  "big  house." 

Van  Buren — County.  Named  for  Martin  Van 
Buren,  President  of  the  United  States. 

Vinton — Township  and  city  in  Benton  County, 
named  for  Hon.  Plym  Vinton. 

Volney — Named  for  Count  Volney,  the  French 
writer. 

Wapello — Named  for  Indian  chief  of  the  Fox 
tribe.     Meaning  of  word   'prince." 

Wapsipinicon — River.  So  named  because  of 
the  root  which  is  found  in  great  abun- 
dance upon  its  banks.  Indian  word  said 
to  mean  "white  potatoes." 

Warren — County,  Named  for  Joseph  Warren, 
who  fell  in  the  Battle  of  Bunker  Hill. 

Washta — Town  in  Cherokee  County.  From  a 
Sioux  Indian  word  meaning  "good." 

Waubeek — Town  in  Linn  County.  From  an 
Indian  word  meaning  "metal"  or  "metal- 
lic substance." 

Waukon — An  Indian  word  meaning  "moss  on 
trees  that  is  eatable." 

Wayne — County.  Named  for  General  Anthony 
Wayne,  hero  of  the  Revolution. 

What  Cheer — So  named  by  a  Scotch  miner 
when  he  discovered  coal  in  the  vicinity 

White  Cloud— Town  in  Mills  County.  Named 
for  the  Indian  chief,  Mahaska. 

Whiting— Town  in  Monona  County.  Named 
for  SL-nator  Whiting. 

Woodbury — County.  Named  for  Levi  Wood- 
bury' of  New  Hampshire. 


SUGGESTIVE  QUESTIONS  TO  ACCOMPANY  THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  IOWA 


(i)  Find  out  the  approximate  distances  of  New 
York,  Charleston,  and  New  Orleans  from  Iowa,  and 
explain  their  relative  importance  as  seaports  for  Iowa 
products.  (2)  What  are  the  approximate  distances  of 
Los  Angeles  and  Seattle  from  Iowa?  Which  is  the 
more  convenient  for  Iowa  exports,  and  why?  (3) 
Where  does  the  watershed  of  Hudson  Bay  lie  nearest 
to  Iowa?  That  of  the  Great  Lakes?  The  great  con- 
tinental watershed?  (4)  Find  out  which  European 
count  n,'  is  nearest  to  Iowa  in  area.  How  do  Iowa  and 
Cuba  compare  in  this  respect?  (5)  Trace  the  Missis- 
sippi-Missouri watershed  on  Fig.  8;  notice  that  it  does 
not  follow  the  highest  elevation  near  the  northern 
border,  and  explain  how  this  is  possible.  (6)  What 
is  meant  by  a  "bluff"?  By  a  "palisade"?  (7)  What 
is  meant  by  the  statement  that  bluffs  give  "scenic 
interest"  to  northeastern  Iowa?  What  "scenic  inter- 
est" might  exist  in  a  level  prairie  region  ?  (8)  Explain 
the  meaning  of  the  hea^'j'  shading  along  various 
streams  in  Fig.  4.  (9)  How  much  of  the  Mississippi 
River  is  wholly  within  the  limits  of  Iowa  ?  (10)  Why 
is  it  said  that  the  streams  with  large  basins  are  likely 
to  have  better  water  power  tnan  those  with  small? 
(11)  Why  are  there  no  waterfalls  along  the  high 
banks  of  the  Missouri  River?  (12)  Describe  the 
topography  of  surface  and  streams  in  j'our  vicinity- 
(13)  Suggest  some  reason  besides  the  presence  of 
trees  for  the  settlement  of  Iowa  pioneers  along  the 


rivers.  (14)  In  what  sense  are  the  Iowa  lakes  part; 
of  the  Minnesota  lake  system?  (13)  Explain  more 
fully  why  the  term  "drift  lakes"  is  applied  to  those 
formed  in  the  glacial  period.  (16)  After  examining 
Fig.  1 1  explain  how  the  soil  of  Clayton,  Dubuque,  and 
Jackson  counties  may  have  been  formed.  (17)  Name 
various  conditions  which  in  other  states  make  large 
areas  untillable,  but  in  Iowa  are  almost  or  wholly 
lacking.  (18)  Find  out  something  of  the  distinction 
between  lowan,  Wisconsin,  and  Kansan  drift  as  shown 
in  Fig.  II.  (19)  What  do  well  borings  indicate  as 
to  depth  of  the  drift  in  your  vicinity?  (20)  What 
evidence  can  you  find  in  Fig.  12  supporting  the  asser- 
tion that  south  winds  bring  rain?  (21)  Judging 
from  Fig.  12,  which  counties  would  seem  to  need  irriga- 
tion methods  most?  (22)  Why  are  the  winds  from 
the  west  drier  than  those  from  the  south  ?  (23)  From 
the  statements  made  about  climate  would  you  expect 
the  greater  number  of  simshiny  days  to  be  in  the  winter 
or  in  the  spring?  (24)  Explain  in  connection  with 
page  S  why  Arbor  Day  is  especially  significant  in  Iowa. 
(25)  What  is  the  state  flower  of  Iowa?  Why  is  it 
appropriate?  (26)  In  what  way  did  the  treeless 
condition  of  the  cotintrj''  favor  the  early  settlement  of 
Iowa?  (27)  What  varieties  of  trees  grow  in  your 
vicinity?  Is  the  woodland  a  natural  growth  or  the 
result  of  planting?  (28)  Does  the  heavy  shading  in 
Fig.  15  necessarily  imply  more  productive  soil  in  those 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  IOWA 


counties?  Suggest  any  other  causes  that  you  think 
might  account  for  such  shading  (29)  In  Fig  17. 
Lyon  County  seems  an  unproductive  area.  Can  you 
refute  this  idea  with  any  other  maps?  (30)  Why 
does  not  cotton  fomi  one  of  the  crops  of  Iowa?  Name 
some  other  great  American  crops  not  grown  largely  in 
Iowa,  and  tell  why  (31)  Suggest  some  reason  why 
Lee  County  shows  a  light  shading  in  Fig.  19.  What 
do  Figs.  23,  25,  and  30  indicate  as  to  this  county? 
(32)  What  are  the  principal  farm  products  shipped 
from  the  railroad  station  in  your  vicinity?  Where 
are  they  marketed?  {$3)  Name  several  different 
occupations  which  would  be  grouped  under  "agri- 
culture" in  Fig  63.  (34)  Find  out  why  wheat 
should  be  produced  most  heavily  where  shown  in  Fig. 
21,  and  why  oats  should  lead  in  a  different  area,  show-n 
in  Fig.  23.  (35)  What  concKision  might  be  drawn 
by  comparing  Figs.  21  and  23  with  Fig.  12?  (36) 
What  conclusion  might  be  drawn  from  comparison  of 
northern  Iowa  in  Fig.  28  with  the  same  region  in  Fig. 
12?  (37)  TVTiat  conclusions  may  be  drawn  from 
comparing  Fig.  30  with  Fig.  1 2  ?  (38)  In  some 
states  the  varying  elevation  of  the  surface  produces 
variations  in  the  farm  products.  How  is  it  in  Iowa? 
Upon  what  do  you  base  your  reply?  (39)  How  do 
you  reconcile  the  facts  that  Kossuth  County  is  one  of 
the  heavily  shaded  parts  in  Fig.  30,  and  one  of  the 
lightly  shaded  areas  in  Fig.  28?  (40)  Why  is  the 
presence  of  mineral  resources  reckoned  as  an  advantage 
to  the  state  possessing  them?  Do  the  profits  from 
such  resources  always  flow  into  the  state  ?  (41)  Why 
are  the  coal  mines  most  worked  along  the  Des  Moines 
River  when  there  is  so  large  an  area  elsewhere  that  is 
known  to  be  tmderlaid  by  coal?  (42)  Explain  the 
significance  of  Fig.  59.  (43)  What  is  the  character 
of  g3'psum  in  its  natural  state?  What  is  done  to  it  as 
preparation  for  the  market  ?  (44)  What  is  the  differ- 
ence between  clay  and  shale  ?  (45)  What  importance 
have  zinc  and  lead  mines  in  Iowa?  (46)  What  sug- 
gestion has  Fig.  35  as  to  the  best  part  of  the  state  in 
which  to  locate  a  factory?  (47)  To  what  extent  is 
Iowa  able  to  supply  material  to  its  flouring  mills?  Its 
meat  packing  plants?  Its  foundries?  Its  lumber 
mills?  Its  printing  houses?  Its  clothing  establish- 
ments? (48)  What  is  meant  by  pearl  buttons?  By 
pearl  barley  ?  (49)  Which  has  increased  more  rapidly 
since  i860,  coal  production  as  shown  in  Fig.  65,  or 
manufactures  as  shown  in  Fig.  62?  (50)  What 
merchandise  makes  up  the  interstate  traffic  of  Iowa 
toward  the  westward  ?  How  does  it  differ  from  the 
eastward  traffic  ?  (51)  What  relation  is  there  between 
the  topography  of  Iowa  and  the  arhount  of  railroad 
mileage?  Compare  with  Missouri  and  Minnesota. 
(52)  What  significance  in  connection  with  commerce 
attaches  to  the  presence  of  railroad  trunk  lines  within 
the  state?  (53)  What  is  meant  by  calling  Iowa  the 
"first  free  state"?  (54)  During  what  years  was 
French  the  customary  language  of  Iowa?     (55)      Why 


does  not  a  French  element  appear  in  Fig.  61?  (56) 
Why  were  wagons  used  to  bring  the  earlier  settlers  to 
Iowa?  What  is  meant  by  calling  them  "white- 
topped"?  (57)  Explain  what  is  meant  by  the  Indian 
cessions  shown  in  Fig.  67.  (58)  Find  out  if  the 
Tama  County  Indians  retain  the  characteristics  of 
savage  life.  (59)  What  is  meant  by  a  "communistic" 
settlement?  (60)  Why  are  not  the  southern  states 
represented  in  Fig.  60?  (61)  In  what  manner  does 
the  permanent  school  fund  help  public  education? 
Does  your  own  school  profit  in  any  way  by  the  existence 
of  this  fund?  (62)  What  is  the  purpose  of  a  normal 
school?  (63)  Explain  why  the  institutions  shown 
in  Fig  41  are  mostly  in  the  eastern  half  of  the  state. 
(64)  Explain  what  is  meant  by  "reformatory"  insti- 
tutions; by  "penal."  (65)  What  advantages  are 
secured  by  creating  special  schools  for  the  blind  and 
the  deaf?  By  hospitals  for  the  insane?  (66)  Name 
some  of  the  powers  of  the  Board  of  Control  over  the 
state  institutions.  Explain  the  peculiar  provision  in 
regard  to  political  parties  being  represented  in  the 
Board.  (67)  What  is  meant  by  the  "electoral  votes" 
of  the  state?  (68)  Why  is  it  desirable  to  have  a 
legislative  branch  of  the  state  government?  Could 
the  state  be  governed  without  a  legislature?  (69) 
Mention  some  example  of  the  exercise  of  authority  by 
the  legislature.  (70)  Could  the  state  be  governed 
without  an  executive  branch  of  government?  Give 
reasons  for  your  reply.  (71)  Give  an  example  of  an 
exercise  of  authority  by  the  executive  part  of  the  state 
government;  by  the  judicial  branch.  (72)  In  what 
way  may  a  "special  charter"  make  a  difference  in  the 
way  in  which  city  government  is  carried  on?  (73) 
Why  are  some  of  the  districts  in  Fig.  47  much  larger 
than  others?  (74)  Compare  Iowa  with  Missouri  as 
to  the  evenness  of  distribution  of  population;  with 
Nebraska.  Show  why  differences  exist.  (75)  Explain 
why  Illinois  and  New  York  have  great  metropolitan 
centers,  and  compare  them  with  Iowa.  (76)  What 
significance  do  you  attach  to  the  fact  that  Fig.  50 
shows  the  larger  towns  all  located  upon  the  larger 
rivers?  (77)  Why  is  it  an  advantage  to  Atlantic  to 
be  a  county  seat?  (78)  What  line  of  industry  is 
meant  by  the  reference  to  railway  shops  at   Boone? 

(79)  What  is  the  advantage  to  a  town  like  Burlington 
in  being  located  directly  upon  the  Mississippi  River? 

(80)  What  farm  crops  supply  material  for  the  indus- 
tries of  Cedar  Falls?  Of  Cedar  Rapids?  (81)  What 
is  the  raw  material  used  in  making  the  cement  blocks 
of  Centerville?  (82)  What  is  meant  by  the  "market 
gardening"  done  at  Charles  City?  (83)  Ascertain 
if  Clinton  is  located  upon  a  "trunk  line"  of  railroad, 
and  state  whether  such  location  would  help  a  city,  and 
how.  (84)  Explain  what  advantages  accrue  to  a 
town  by  being  located  close  to  a  much  larger  city,  as  is 
Council  Bluffs.  (85)  What  is  meant  by  a  "round 
house,"  and  in  what  way  does  Creston  ijrofit  by  having 
one?     (86)      From   what   raw  material   is   the  glucose 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  IOWA 


made  at  Davenport,  and  how  is  this  product  used? 
(87)  In  what  way  does  Des  Moines  profit  by  being 
capital  of  the  state?  (88)  What  is  meant  by  "whole- 
sale trade,"  mentioned  as  carried  on  at  Dubuque? 
How  does  it  help  a  town  ?  (89)  Judging  from  the 
crops  raised  around  Fairfield,  what  additional  indus- 
tries would  be  appropriate  to  the  town?  (go)  Are 
Fort  Dodge  and  Fort  Madison  mihtary  centers?  If 
not,  consult  Fig.  66,  and  tell  why  they  are  called  by 
these  names.  (91)  Whj'  is  the  university  at  Iowa 
City  called  a  "state  university,"  and  in  what  respect 
does  it  differ  from  other  universities  in  Iowa?  (92) 
Explain  how  the  building  of  a  ship  canal  at  Keokuk 
can  be  an  advantage  to  the  city.  What  is  meant  by  a 
"national  cemetery"?  (93)  What  is  meant  by  the 
phrase  "market  town,"  attached  to  Le  Mars?  (94) 
Explain  how  Marion  is  helped  by  being  divisional 
headquarters  of  a  railway.  (95)  From  what  raw 
materials  are  the  starch  and  linseed  oil  of  Marshall- 
town  made?  (96)  In  what  way  does  the  presence  of 
stone  quarries,  as  at  Mason  City,  help  a  town?  (97) 
What  is  meant  bj'  "stock  yards"  mentioned  as  located 
at   Missouri  Valley?     (98)     What  industry  of  Mount 


Pleasant  is  particularly  dependent  upon  the  annual 
wheat  crop?  (99)  Why  is  Muscatine  a  favorable 
location  for  pearl  button  factories?  (100)  Tell  if 
you  can  what  is  meant  by  saying  that  Oelwein  is  a 
"railroad  center,"  and  explain  why  such  centers  are 
desirable  locations  for  factories.  (loi)  Oskaloosa  has 
mineral  wealth  of  both  coal  and  clay.  Which  of  these 
is  the  more  important  to  the  town,  and  why?  (102) 
What  is  meant  by  a  "paving-brick  kiln"  such  as  is 
located  at  Ottumwa?  (103)  What  kinds  of  fruits 
would  you  expect  to  be  shipped  in  quantity  from  Red 
Oak?  (104)  Suggest  a  reason  why  large  meat  pack- 
ing plants  arc  more  likely  to  be  fovmd  at  western  points 
like  Sioux  City  than  in  eastern  Iowa.  (105)  What  is 
meant  bj'  "elevators,"  referred  to  as  located  at  Wash- 
ington? (106)  Find  in  Fig.  30  some  reason  why 
the  cheese  factories  of  Waterloo  should  be  successful. 
(107)  In  what  way  can  mineral  springs,  such  as  exist 
at  Webster  City,  help  a  town?  (108)  Draw  an  out- 
line map  of  Iowa  and  locate  the  principal  physical 
features  and  leading  cities  and  towns.  (log)  Draw  a 
similar  map  of  the  states  of  the  northwestern  section 
of  the  Mississippi  Basin. 


SUGGESTIONS  FOR  COLLATERAL  READING 


Adams,  Iowa  Band. 

Aldrich,  Annals  of  Iowa,  Third  Series,  vols,  i  to  date. 

Andrea,  Historical  Atlas  of  Iowa. 

Beyer,  Geology  of  Boone,  Marshall,  Story,  and  Hardin 
Counties. 

Brown,  Iowa,  the  Promised  of  the  Prophets. 

Burkett,  Stevens,  and  Hill,  Agriculture  for  Beginners. 

Burrows,  Fifty  Years  in  Iowa. 

Byers,  Iowa  in  War  Times. 

Calvin,  lowan  Drift. 

.Aftonian  Gravels. 

Xotes  on  Geological  Section. 

What  the  Glacier  Did  for  Iowa  Soils. 

Chandler,  Geography  of  Iowa. 

Clarkson,  Des  Moines,  Iowa. 

Cousins,  Iowa  and  the  Empire  of  the  Pioneers. 

Drake,  Life  of  Black  Hawk. 

Ebersolc,  Encyclopedia  of  Iowa  Law. 

Eiboeck,  Die  Deutschen  von  Iowa. 

Fairall,  Manual  of  Iowa  Politics. 

Fulton,  Red  Men  of  Iowa. 

Fulton,  Sketches  of  Iowa  Counties. 

Galland,  Iowa  Emigrant  of  1840 

Gue,  History  of  Iowa,  4  vols. 

Horack,    Constitutional   .Amendments   in   ilie   Common- 
wealth of  Iowa. 

Hussey,  History  of  Steamboating  on  the  Iowa  River. 

Hyatt,    Manufacturing,     Agriculture,     and     Industrial 
Resources  of  Iowa. 

Ingersoll,  Iowa  and  the  Rebellion. 

Iowa  Geological  Sur\-ey,  Reports. 


Iowa  State  College,  Experiment  Station,  Soil  Section, 

Bulletins. 
Lea,  Notes  on  Wisconsin  Territory:   The  Iowa  District 

or  Black  Hawk  Purchase  (1836). 
Macv-Gciser,  Government  of  Iowa 
Monettc,    History    and    Discovery    of    the    Mississippi 

Valley. 
Newhall,  Glimpse  of  Iowa  in  1846. 
Norton,  Elements  of  Geology. 
Parker  L.  F.,  Higher  Education  in  Iowa. 
Parker  N.,  Iowa  as  it  is  in  18 jj. 

Iowa  Handbook  for  18^6. 

Iowa  Handbook  for  18^7. 
Pinkerton,  Buckeye  Hawkeye  Schoolmaster. 
Sabin,  Making  of  Iowa. 
Salter,    Iowa    the    First    Free    State    in    the   Louisiana 

Purchase. 
Shambaugh,    Documentary    Material    Relating    to    the 

History  of  Iowa. 
Shambaugh,  History  of  the  Constitution  of  Iowa. 

Iowa  City:     A  Contribution  to  the  Early  History 

of  Iowa. 
Sharpe,  History  of  the  Spirit  Lake  Massacre. 
Smith,  History  of  Dickinson  County. 
State  Historical  Society.  Annals  of  Iowa. 
Stuart,  Iowa  Colonels  and  Regiments. 
Weaver,  Iowa  Constitution  and  Law. 
Wilkie,  Davenport,  Past  and  Present  (iSjg). 
Williams,  Historical  Sketches  of  .Northwestern  Iowa. 
Williams  and  Keyes,  Check  List  of  Iowa  Birds. 


THE  INDEX 

The  figures  inclosed  in  parentheses  refer  to  illustrations,  all  other  figures  refer  to  pages;  heavier  type  is  used  for  the  more  important  references. 


Agricultural  products,  9,  x. 
Agriculture,  q;  (Fi>,'.  03),  ix. 
Alluvial  lakes,  t,_ 
Alluvial  soil,  (.. 
Amana  Colony,  14. 
Ames,  If). 
Anamosa,  17. 
Area,  i . 
Atlantic,  iq. 
Attorney-General,  17. 
Auditor  of  State,  i  7. 

Barley,  9;  value  of  crop,  rank  of 
state  m  pniduetion,  and  leading 

Big  Sioux  River,  4. 

Black  Hawk,  Portrait  of  (Fig.  68). 

Black  Hawk  War,  14. 
Blind,  Cullege  for.  16. 
Bluffs  along  Mississij^pi  and  Mis- 
Bluffs  at  Dubuque,  views  of  (Fig. 

4S).  iS. 
Boone,  iQ. 
Boyer  River,  4. 
Burlington,  5,  12,  19. 

Campanile,     Agricultural     College 

(Fig.  46).  iS. 
Carver,  Jonathan,  Portrait  of  (Fig. 


Cedar  Falls,  16,  20. 

Cedar  Rapids,  iS,  20. 

Cedar  River,  4.  20. 

Cedar  River,  forest-clad  palisades 

-HFik'  .0.4- 
Centerville,  20. 
Cereal     Mills     at     Cedar     Rapids 

(Fig.  ,n).  M. 
Charles  City,  20. 
Charles  City  College,  20. 
Cherokee,  17. 
Cities,    Growth    and   development 

'-f,    19-24;  population  of.  ix. 
Clarinda,  17. 
Clay,   II,   22,  23;  products,  value 

Climate,  7- 

CHmatic  position,  7. 

Clinton,  12.  13,  20. 

Coal,  10,  23,  24;  measures,  section 
of  upi^er  (Fig.  31),  13;  miners 
working  in  interior  of  mine 
(Fig.  34).  14:  fields  of  Iowa 
and  production  by  counties 
(Fig.  3S).  14;  mining  scene  near 
Oskaloosa  (Fig.  36),  14;  prod- 
ucts, value  of.  ix;  production, 
annual,  bv  counties,  x;  indus- 
try, growth  of  (Fig.  65),  X. 

Coe  College,  20. 

College  of  Agriculture  and  Me- 
chanic Arts,  16,  18;  central 
biul-l.ng  ut  (Fig.  43),  17; 
Campanile  (Fig.  46),  18. 

Commerce.  13. 

Congressional  Districts,  map  of 
(Fig.  47).  18. 

Corn,  9;  an  Iowa  field  after 
cutting  (Fig.  2),  i;  cutting  in 
Linn  County  ( Fig.  18),  g ; 
yield  of  (Fig.  iq),  9;  value  of 
crop,  rank  of  state  in  produc- 
tion, and  leading  county,  x. 

Council  Bluffs,  5,  12,  13,  16,  18, 
20;  view  of  (Fig.  52),  20. 

Creston,  21. 

Dairy  products,  9;  value  of  by 
counties  (Fig.  30).  12;  value  of, 
rank  of  state  in  production, 
and  leading  county,  x. 


Davenport,  12,  13.  17.  18,  21. 

Deaf,  School  for,  16. 

Des  Moines,  --,.   1  -*,   1  ; .   14.   ■  7 .  21; 

Siatt-  (.'apUMl  (FiK.  4O,  18. 
Des  Moines  College,  21. 
Des  Moines  River,  4.   10.    10,   21, 

22,  24 
Divide.  4 
Drainage,  i , 
Drake  University,  21. 
Drift,  h 
Drought,  7. 
Dubuque,  =;.  7,  11.  12,  14,  iS.  21; 

bird's-eye  view  of  {Fig.  53).  21. 
Dubuque,    Julien,    14;  monument 

to  (Fig.  54).  21- 

Education,  15. 

Educational    Institutions,    k  adiii^ 

(Fl^,^  41).  16. 
Eldora,  17. 
Elevation,  a\-erak''-',  i 
Executive  Council,  17. 

Fairfield,  22. 

Farming,  population  engaged  in.  9. 

Farm  products,  8.  9.  value  of  (Fig. 
15),  8;  rank  of  state  in  produc- 
tion and  leading  county,  x. 

Feeble-minded,  Institution  for,  16. 

Flax,  9;  value  of  crop,  rank  of 
state  in  production,  and  leading 
county,  X. 

Floyd  River,  4. 

Fort  Dodge,  10.  11,  22. 

Fort  Madison,  5.  17.  22. 

Fruit,  10. 

Geographical  names  of  Iowa,  Dcr- 

German  College,  2s. 

Glenwood,  16. 

Government,  17. 

Governor,    id,    17,    18;    state    and 

territorial  governors  from    iS.^S 

to  1 006.  xi. 
Grasses,  8. 
Gypsum,     10,     11,     22;  value     of 

product,  ix. 

Hay,  9;  cutting  and  hauling  near 
Ottumwa  (Fig.  16),  8;  pro- 
duction of  (Fig.  17).  8;  value 
of  crop,  rank  of  state,  and 
leading  county,  x. 

Highland  Park  Normal  College,  21. 

History,  13;  events  in  the  early- 
annals  of  Iowa,  xi;  map  showing 
earliest  explorations  and  settle- 
ments, xi. 

Hogs,  9;  feeding  time  (Fig.  24), 
11;  number  of  (Fig.  25),  n; 
owned  in  Iowa,  rank  of  state, 
and  leading  county,  x. 

Horses,  g. 

Independence,  17. 

Indians,  14;  map  showing  acces- 
sions of  territory  from.  xi. 

Indian  Massacre  at  Spirit  Lake,  14; 
monument  (Fig.  56),  24. 

Insane,  Hospitals  for,  17,  23. 

Iowa  City,  5.  M,  15.  22. 

Iowa  River,  4. 

Iowa  River,  near  Iowa  City, 
view  of  (Fig.  6).  4. 

Iron  ore,  11 ;  products,  value  of.  ix. 

Keokuk,  5,18,  22. 

Lakes,     s;  drift,     5;  walled,      5; 

glacial,  5;  alluvial  or  oxbow.  6. 

Lead  and  zinc,  11,   31;  products, 


Limestone,  f\  11,  21. 
Little  Sioux  River,  4. 
Live    stock,    y,  owned 

a  Kit-     " 


Iowa, 


Loess,  6;  t\*pical  farm  scene  in 
lofss  rugion  (Fig.  to),  6. 

Lumber  and  timber,  1 2 ;  value  of 
product .  ix. 

Lumber  yard,  t\'pical  scene  in  an 
Iowa  (Fig.  5S").  24. 

Manufactures,  proportion  of  per- 
sons engaged  in  (Fig.  63),  ix; 
leading,  in  state,  ix. 

Manufacturing,  11,  12,  13;  cities, 
principal,  and  facts  about  their 
plants,  ix;  industries,  growth 
•  •\   (FiK    n.O.ix;   (Fig.  63),  ix. 

Maquoketa  River,  4. 

Marion,  22. 

Marshalltown,  16;  State  Soldiers' 
H-.mr  <Fig   44).  17.23. 

Mason  City,  23. 

Mineral  products,  value  of,  1897  to 
igo4,  IX,  annual  value  of  (Fig. 
64).  X. 

Mineral  resources,  10-11;  section 
of  upper  coal  measures  (Fig.  3 1 ), 
13;  quarrying  stone  (Fig.  32). 
13;  deposits  of  shale  clays  (Fig. 
33).  IS- 

Mississippi  River,  4,  13,  20,  21,  22, 
23;  steamboat  on  (Fig.  38), 
i^:  bridge  at  Davenport  (Fig. 
57).  24. 

Missouri  River,  i,  2,  4,  20,  24. 
Missouri  Valley,  23. 
Mitchellville,  17. 
Mount  Pleasant,  17,  23, 
Muscatine,  13,  18,  23. 

Nishnabotna  River,  4. 

Oats,  9;  field  after  reaping  and 
sliocking  (Fig.  22).  10;  yield  of 
(Fig.  23),  10;  stacked  ready  for 
threshing  (Fig.  26),  n;  value 
of  crop,  rank  of  state  in  pro- 
duction, and  leading  county,  x. 

Ocheydan  Mound,  i 

Oelwein,  23. 

Okoboji,  Lake,  5;  view  of  (Fig. 
q).  5. 

Orchards,  6. 

Orchard  scene  in  southern  Iowa 
(Fig.  27).  II. 

Oskaloosa,  23. 

Ottumwa,  24. 

Parsons  College,  22. 

Pearl     buttons,     13;  scene    in    a 

factory  at  Muscatine  (Fig.  39), 

15.  20.  23. 
Penitentiaries,  State,  17. 
Penn  College,  2  ?. 
Physical  map  (Fig.  8),  5. 
Pike,   General  Z.   M.,   Portrait  of 


(Fi 


"0). 


Political  map  (Fig.  3),  2,  3. 

Population,  19;  density  of  (Fig. 
4.)),  n).  density  of  urban  (Fig. 
50),  10;  of  the  state  by  coun- 
ties, vii.  viii;  of  leading  cities 
and  towns,  viii,  ix. 

Position,  I. 

Potatoes,  9;  value  of  crop,  rank  of 
state  in  production,  and  leading 
county,  X. 

Poultry,  9;  owned  in  Iowa,  value 

of.  X. 

Railroads,  13. 

Rainfall,  7;  mean  annual,  of 
Iowa  (Fig.  12).  7;  annual,  at 
Dubuque  (Fig.  13),  7;  annual, 
at  Sioux  City  (Fig.  14),  ?■ 


Red  Oak,  24. 

Reformatory  and  Penal  Institu- 
tions, 17. 

Reformatory  for  Females,   17, 

ReUef  map  oi  luwa  (Fig  4),  4. 

River  valleys,  4. 

Rock  flour,  6. 

Rye,  9;  value  of  crop,  rank  of 
state  in  production,  and  leading 


Sac  and  Fox  Indians,  14. 

Secretary  of  State,  1 7. 

Shale,    11;  clays,  deposits    of,  on 

Gray  Creek  in  Monroe  County 

(Fig.  33),  13. 
Shape,  I. 
Sheep,  9;  feeding  in  a  farm  yard 

(Fig.    2g),   12;  owned  in  Iowa, 

value  of.  X. 
Silver  Lake,  5. 
Sioux  City,  7,  12,  13.  24. 
Size,  1. 

Skunk  River,  4. 
Slaughtering!  and    ndtat    packing, 

plant  at   Sioux  City  (Fig.    55). 

22.    23;  number  of   plants   and 

value  of  products,  ix. 
Soil,  6. 

Soil  map  (Fig.    11).   6. 
Soldiers'    Home,    State,     16;  view 

of  (Fig.  44).  17. 
Soldiers'     Orphans'     Home,      17; 

view  of  (Fig.  51).  20. 
Spirit    Lake,    5;  Indian    massacre 

at,  14;   ^■i^■w  of  (Fig.   7).  5- 
State  Board  of  Control,   17,   18. 
State  Capitol  (  Fik    4O.  iS. 
State  Charities,  16. 
State  Institutions,  16. 
State  Normal  School,    16,    18,   20; 

view  of  (Fig.  42).  17. 
Stock     farm     in     Storv     Count  v, 

scene  on  a  (Fig.  i).  i'. 
Stock    raising,    9 ;    rank    of    state 

and  leading  crmnty,  x. 
State   University,    is.    16,    18.    22; 

Liberal  Arts  Building  (Fig.  40), 

16. 
Stone,    11;  quarrying  near  Stone 

City    (Fig.     32).     13;  products, 

value  of.  ix. 
Storm  Lake,  s 

Superintendent  of  Public  Instruc- 
tion, 17. 
Surface,  i. 
Swan  Lake,  5. 

Temperature,  7. 
Treasurer  of  State,  17. 
Turkey  River,  4. 

Upper  Iowa  River,  4. 

Vegetation,  8. 
Vineyards,  6. 
Vinton,  lO. 

Wapsipinicon  River*  4. 

Washington,  24. 

Waterloo,  24. 

Waverly,  12. 

Webster  City,  24. 

Wesleyan  University,  25. 

Western  Union  College,  22. 

Wheat,  reaping  in  Lvon  County 
(Fig.  20),  9;  yield  of  (Fig.  21), 
10;  value  of  crop,  rank  of  state 
in  production,  and  leading 
county,  X. 

Wild  flowers,  8. 

Wind-breaks,  8. 

Winds,  7. 

Zinc,   It,  21;   products,  value  of, 


[.xvi] 


